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Characterizing antibiotic resistance in Singapore water bodies and tributaries

Characterizing the antibiotic resistance in Singapore water bodies and tributaries to understand the abundance and resistance of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. The study investigates spatial, temporal effects and identifies high-risk areas. Results show K. pneumoniae with high resistance and potential clinical implications. Acknowledges support from Singapore National Research Foundation.

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Characterizing antibiotic resistance in Singapore water bodies and tributaries

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  1. Characterizing antibiotic resistance in Singapore water bodies and tributaries Name: Chen Hongjie Supervisor: A/Prof. Karina Gin Yew-Hoong Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering

  2. Outline • Background Information • Objective • Methodology • Results and Discussions • Conclusion

  3. Background Information

  4. Background information Downloaded from http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/technology-science/science/humans-facing-antibiotic-apocalypse-papercuts-6862186

  5. Background information Download from http://www.nature.com/news/2011/110216/full/news.2011.46.html#B1

  6. Background information • Bacteria posing high health risk/s • Carbapenem resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) • Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) • producing Enterobacteriaceae • Vancomycin resistant Enterococcus (VRE)

  7. Background information • Singapore • “The Little Red Dot” • Monsoon Season • Northeast monsoon (wetter) • Southwest monsoon (dryer) Credits to Google Maps

  8. Background information • Singapore • Has catchment area of two-thirds of Singapore area • Water structures built to keep in fresh water • to be supplied as drinking water • Important to maintain good water quality standard • Monitor levels of antibiotic resistance

  9. Objective and Methodology

  10. Objective • Investigate the abundance and percentage • resistance of ARB • Investigate if there are spatial and temporal • effects

  11. METHODOLOGY • Sampling Details • 4 water bodies • 4 tributaries • Across 4 months (Oct, Dec ‘15, Jan, Mar ‘16)

  12. METHODOLOGY • High level of anthropogenic activity • Near residential and commercial area • Zoo near W3 • Largely forested and protected T1 T2 T3 T4 W1 W2 W3 W4 • W2 surrounded by heavy industries • Tributaries surrounded by vegetable and animal farms • Generally least impacted by human • Largely forested and protected

  13. METHODOLOGY

  14. Methodology No Antibiotics Amikacin Ceftazidime Ciprofloxacin Co-trimoxazole Meropenem No Antibiotics Ciprofloxacin Meropenem Vancomycin E. coli (TBX) Klebsiella pnuemoniae (Klebsiella selective agar) Pseudomoas aeruginosa (Cetrimide agar) Salmonella spp. (SS agar) Enterococcus spp. (Slanetz and Bartley agar) (2015 Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute performance standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Test)

  15. Results and Discussion

  16. Results and discussion Taxonomical Correlation (Abundance) • K. pneumoniae had the highest overall resistance • Resistance to Co-trimoxazole and Ciprofloxacin were the highest • Resistance to Amikacin was generally low except for P. aeruginosa ARB concentrations based on each taxa and resistance

  17. Results and discussion Taxonomical Correlation (Percentage Resistance) • Observational pattern similar between % resistance and abundance for E. coli • Salmonella spp. had the highest percentage resistance against Meropenem Percentage resistance based on each taxa and resistance

  18. Results and discussion Temporal Correlation • No significant difference across the months (p > 0.05) • Need more time points Total ARB concentration based on sampling months and average monthly rainfall

  19. Results and discussion Spatial Correlation • Water Bodies • WB1 is significantly higher than other WB (p < 0.05) • High level of anthropogenic activity in WB1 • Insignificant among WB2, WB3, WB4 (p >0.05) Total ARB concentration based on tributary locations

  20. Results and discussion Spatial Correlation • Tributaries • Significantly higher than WB (p < 0.05) • Difference between T1,T2 and T3,T4 insignificant (p > 0.05) Total ARB concentration based on tributary locations

  21. Results and discussion Principle Component Analysis

  22. conclusion • Amikacin can still be a relevant antibiotic clinically • K. pneumoniae had the highest resistance in terms of abundance • Salmonella spp. had significantly high percentage resistance against Meropenem • Tributaries had higher abundance of ARB than water bodies. WB1 had higher abundance than other WB • Land uses could be a major factor for abundance of ARB in water

  23. A/Prof. Karina Gin Dr. Ng Shi Min Charmaine Dr. Le Thai Hoang Dr. Laurence Haller Dr. Yi Xin Zhu Fang Da Nurhizam Hakim acknowledgement This research grant is supported by the Singapore National Research Foundation under its Environmental & Water Technologies Strategic Research Programme and administered by PUB (Project ID: 1102-IRIS-12-02)

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