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The Immune System

Explore innate immunity in mammals and vertebrates, DNA rearrangements, viral infections, and genetic engineering for organ transplants in humans.

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The Immune System

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  1. Chapter 43 The Immune System Questions prepared by Jung ChoiGeorgia Institute of Technology John LepriUniversity of North Carolina, Greensboro

  2. Innate immunity is present • only in mammals. • only in vertebrates. • only in animals. • in eukaryotes but not in prokaryotes. • in all three domains of life, including eubacteria and archaea.

  3. Recombinase genes RAG1 and RAG2 arefound only in jawed vertebrates, supporting the hypothesis that • jawless vertebrates have immune memory. • jawless vertebrates employ combinatorial DNA rearrangements to increase antigen receptor diversity. • sharks lack an adaptive immune system that responds to diverse antigens. • human genomes do not recombine DNA segments in antigen receptor genes.

  4. People need a flu shot each year because • the flu vaccine is only weakly immunogenic and requires multiple shots to take effect. • the immune memory for flu is short-lived. • new strains of influenza virus arise rapidly each year. • influenza impairs the immune system’s ability.

  5. Even when _______ is implanted multiple times into a vertebrate body, it would likely fail to provoke production of antibodies. • a pathogenic virus • a nonpathogenic bacterium • a protein toxin • a plastic bead • a piece of plant leaf

  6. HIV-associated depletion of helper T cells and macrophages will impair • the acid mantle of the skin. • the activation of cytotoxic T cells. • innate immunity. • the complement system.

  7. Ignoring heavy-chain DNA for the moment, antigen-receptor light-chain DNA with 20 V and 5 J segment genes can be recombined into • 25 possible combinations • 100 possible combinations • 400,000 possible combinations • 1 million possible combinations

  8. To fight viral infections, it is most effective to activate • B cells. • cytotoxic T cells. • macrophages. • the inflammatory response.

  9. To clone your pet cat when all you have is a sample of its blood, you should use a • B cell as the nuclear donor. • T cell as the nuclear donor. • macrophage as the nuclear donor. • red blood cell as the nuclear donor.

  10. To genetically engineer pigs to become sources of organs and tissue for transplantation to humans, it will be necessary to replace pig genes with the human version for • the MHC loci. • the immunoglobulin genes. • the T cell receptor genes. • all of the above. • all protein-coding genes.

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