Launching the New Ship of State: Growing Pains in 1789

1. Chapter 10 Launching the New Ship of State

2. Growing Pains • 1789 Constitution is launched and population continued to grow • First Census – 1790 – 4 million people • Doubled every 25 years • Cities grew but 90% of population still rural • 95% of people lived east of Appalachian Mountains

3. Washington for President • 1789 – Washington becomes first President by the Electoral College • New York – Temporary Capital • Established a “Cabinet” although Constitution did not mention a cabinet • 3 Department Heads emerged: Secretary of the State: Thomas Jefferson; Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton, Secretary of War Henry Knox

4. Washington Honored • This idealized portrait symbolizes the reverential awe in which Americans held “the Father of His Country.”

5. Alexander Hamilton (1755–1804), by John Trumbull, 1792 • He was one of the youngest and most brilliant of the Founding Fathers, who might have been president but for his ultraconservatism, a scandalous adultery, and a duelist’s bullet. Hamilton favored a strong central government with a weak legislature to unify the infant nation and encourage industry. His chief rival, Thomas Jefferson, who extolled states’ rights as a bulwark of liberty and thought the United States should remain an agricultural society, regarded Hamilton as a monarchist plotter and never forgave him for insisting that “the British Govt. was the best in the world: and that he doubted much whether any thing short of it would do in America.”

6. Bill of Rights and Supreme Court • James Madison drafted first 10 Amendments know as the “Bill of Rights” • Adopted in 1791 • Freedom of Religion, Speech, Press; Right to Bear Arms, to be tried by a Jury; prohibited cruel and unusual punishment, no arbitrary seizure of property • 9th Amendment • 10th Amendment – Reserved States Rights • Judiciary Act of 1789 – John Jay

7. Hamilton Revives Public Credit • Hamilton – Financial Wizard • Fashioned his financial plans to favor the wealthy – insisted it would trickle down to the masses • Fund entire National and State Debt • Tie States to Federal Government

8. Hamilton’s Financial Structure Supported by Revenues

9. Hamilton Revives Public Credit • Hamilton – Financial Wizard • Fashioned his financial plans to favor the wealthy – insisted it would trickle down to the masses • Fund entire National and State Debt • Tie States to Federal Government • Believed debt created a personal stake in the government and country • Obligations would be paid by tariffs, excise tax • Hamilton creates United States Bank

10. Emergence of Political Parties • Hamilton vs. Jefferson • Federalists vs. Democractic-Republicans (Jeffersonians)

11. The Whiskey Boys • The cartoonist clearly favored the Pennsylvania rebels who resisted Hamilton’s imposition of an excise tax on whiskey.

12. The French Revolution • Attempt to “shackle” Louis XVI • Federalists (Conservatives) become alarmed • Jeffersonians were overjoyed • Guillotine – “Reign of Terror”

13. The Execution of Queen Marie Antoinette, 1793 • The bloody excesses of the notorious guillotine disgusted many Americans and soured them on the promises of the French Revolution.

14. Storming the Bastille, 1789 • This event signaled the outbreak of the French Revolution.

15. Washington’s Neutrality • 1778 Franco-American Alliance still exists • United States obligated to help France defend against Britain • Jeffersonian Democratic-Republicans supported alliance • Washington and Hamilton want to avoid war to strengthen economy • 1793 – Neutrality Proclamation • Inforced the truism that self-interest is basic cement in all alliances • Neutrality = Isolationism

16. The Key to the Bastille, Mount Vernon, Virginia • The Marquis de Lafayette instructed Thomas Paine, his American Revolutionary War comrade, to deliver the key to the liberated Bastille to George Washington. It hangs to this day in the entry hall of Washington’s home at Mount Vernon, Virginia, a lasting symbol of the deep affinity between the French and American Revolutions.

17. American Posts Held by the British and British-American Clashes After 1783

18. Jay’s Treaty • 1794 – Chief Justice John Jay visits London • Agreement to stop attacking and leave US posts • Bound US to pay war debts • Farmers / Anti-Federalists are angry • Washington is exhausted with partisan battles and retires after 2 terms • Washington warns not to make permanent alliances • Washington kept America out of foreign wars

19. Signing the Treaty of Greenville, 1795 • Following General Wayne’s victory at the Battle of Fallen Timbers in 1794, the Miami Indians surrendered their claims to much of the Old Northwest.

20. John Adams – 2nd President • Hamilton too hated to run for President • Adams (VP) vs. Jefferson wins 71 to 68 in electoral college • Adams hated by Hamilton • Hamilton quits as Secretary of the Treasury, leads faction of Federalist Party

21. John Adams, by John Singleton Copley, 1783 • When he entered Harvard College in 1751, Adams intended to prepare for the ministry, but four absorbing years of study excited him about other intellectual and career possibilities: “I was a mighty metaphysician, at least I thought myself such.” Adams also tried his hand at being a mighty scientist, doctor, and orator. Upon graduation he became a schoolmaster but soon decided to take up the law.

22. The XYZ Affair • When President Adams’s envoys to Paris were asked to pay a huge bribe as the price of doing diplomatic business, humiliated Americans rose up in wrath against France. Here an innocent young America is being plundered by Frenchmen as John Bull looks on in amusement from across the English Channel.

23. Fighting with France • France becomes bitter at America’s hand washing of Franco-American alliance • Seize American merchant vessels in retaliation • Adams sends trio to negotiate with 3 unknowns know as X, Y, Z • $250,000 to speak to them (bribe) • Federalists are ashamed of French friends • American begins to build military • 2 ½

24. Preparation for War to Defend Commerce: The Building of the Frigate Philadelphia • In 1803 this frigate ran onto the rocks near Tripoli harbor, and about three hundred officers and men were imprisoned by the Tripolitans (see Map 11.2 on p. 233). The ship was refloated for ser vice against the Americans, but Stephen Decatur led a party of men that set it afire.

25. Adams Alliance with France • Adams avoids war with France but realizes he must make amends • Official ends alliance with France • Convention of 1800 signed in Paris • America pays for damages to French vessels

26. Federalist vs. Democractic-Republicans • Federalist – Rule by the “best people” • Those who own should rule • Feared Common Folk • Strong Central Government / Promote Foreign Trade • Support private enterprise • Democractic-Republicans (Republicans) • Appealed to farmers and country dwellers • Sympathy for common man (liberal) • Best government was government that governed least

27. Federalist Witch Hunt • Federalist in attempt to squash the anti-federalists raises residence requirements from 5 years to 14 years • Alien Laws to deport immigrants • Sedition Act – 1st Amendment of Speech was made unconstitutional when fasley defaming government or government policies. Heavy fines or imprisonment • Direct conflict with Constitution • Attempt by Federalists to silence party opposition

28. Congressional Pugilists • Satirical representation of Matthew Lyon’s fight in Congress with the Federalist representative Roger Griswold.

29. Thomas Jefferson at Natural Bridge, by Caleb Boyle, ca. 1801 • A great statesman, Jefferson wrote his own epitaph: “Here was buried Thomas Jefferson, Author of the Declaration of Independence, of the Statute of Virginia for Religious Freedom, and Father of the University of Virginia.”