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Digestive System

Digestive System. By: Aman Kalra , Gagin Merwar , Gurjot Aulakh , Sahiba Bajwa. The Muscular Apparatus Of The Digestive System. Also called Alimentary canal Digestive Canal Gastrointestinal “GI” tract

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Digestive System

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  1. Digestive System By: AmanKalra, GaginMerwar, GurjotAulakh, SahibaBajwa

  2. The Muscular Apparatus Of The Digestive System • Also called • Alimentary canal • Digestive Canal • Gastrointestinal “GI” tract • Digestion starts at the mouth  pharynx esophagus stomach small intestine large intestine

  3. Digestive Tract Operation Terms • Deglutition – swallowing • Peristalsis- involuntary muscle contractions within the rest of the tract, takes over after we swallow * We only have control over what we swallow

  4. Pharynx • Belongs to both the respiratory system and the digestive system • Passage for air, food and drink • Liquid and chewed (masticated) food enters the pharynx form the oral cavity and muscular action sends it to the esophagus

  5. Esophagus • About a foot long • In order to get through the diaphragm to reach the stomach, the esophagus passes through an opening called the esophageal hiatus, located in the diaphragm • The esophageal hiatus is formally part of the diaphragm not the esophagus.

  6. Stomach • Is the center of the system in the functional and physical sense • 4 main areas include: • Fundus • Cardia • Body • antrum

  7. Stomach Cont. • Two main jobs: • Temporary storage place for food • Secreting acid and enzymes to help break down proteins, fats, and carbohydrates • Work done in the stomach are both mechanical changes (liquefaction of food) and chemical changes ( producing food for the body’s cells) • After 3-4 hours, the food is now a liquid substance called “chyme” which begins to enter the small intestine

  8. Small Intestine • Absorption of nutrients: • 90% in small intestine • 10% in large intestine

  9. Parts of the Small Intestine

  10. Small Intestine cont. • Duodenum • first 10 inches of the small intestine [Latin: duodeni “twelve each” • Adjective: duodenal • Example: duodenal ulcer

  11. Small Intestine cont. • Jejunum • Part of the small intestine that comes right after the duodenum • 8 feet long • Latin: Jejunus “fasting” • Segment where most of the nutrients are emptied into the bloodstream

  12. Small Intestine cont. • Ileum • Final segment of the small intestine • 12 feet long

  13. The Large Intestine • Compacts waste material for elimination • Colon: a word used as a synonym for the large intestine

  14. Large Intestine Cont. • Colon has 4 parts • Ascending colon • Transverse colon • Descending colon • Sigmoid colon

  15. For the digestive tract to complete its work many chemicals are needed. • Some are supplied from stomach but most from salivary glands, the pancreas, liver, and gallbladder. Other Organs of Digestion

  16. Salivary Glands • Digestion in mouth is aided by salivary glands • Produce Saliva • Saliva is more than 99% water • Essential enzymes: that break down complex carbohydrates • Ex: amylase breaks down starch into maltose

  17. Salivary Gland Cont. • Has antibodies that kill bacteria • Located in oral cavity • 3 parts: - Paratoid - Sublingual, - Submandibular salivary glands

  18. Pancreas • Releases hormones and sends out enzymes for digestion • Acts as endocrine and exocrine gland • Exocrine : glands secretions are internal, secretions are not expelled through duct • Endocrine: expel through duct

  19. Pancreas Cont. • Provides insulin to the blood stream ( endocrine function) • Secretes fluid containing enzymes into small intestine ( exocrine function)

  20. Liver • Absorbs nutrients from small and large intestine • Storage for vitamins and iron • Extracts and stores nutrients for later use • The liver keeps the body metabolism balanced and promotes good health by releasing fat soluble vitamins, such as A and D, when the body needs them.

  21. Liver Cont. • Produces bile • > helps in breaking down the lipids (fats) so it is easier for them to mix with other liquids. • After bile completes work it goes back to the liver where it gets recycled and used again • Detoxifies the blood by removing unwanted material

  22. Gallbladder • Located under the liver • Referred to as cholecystis or cholecyst • Stores, condenses and delivers the bile to the small intestine

  23. cholecyst/o gallbladder Colon/o colon Duoden/o duodenum Enter/o small intestine Esophag/o esophagus Gastr/o stomach hepat/o liver Ile/o ileum Jejun/o jejunum Pancreat/o pancreas Phag/o eating; swallowing Sial/o salivary glands Scope device for visual examination Scopy visual examination Root or suffix

  24. Alimentary Canal (Latin: food): the digestive tract, the gastrointestinal Antibody: antibodies contained in saliva that act as antibacterial agents. Antrum (Latin: cave): the part of the stomach nearest the entrance to the duodenum. Cardia: the area of the stomach between the fundis and it main body. Cholecystis; Cholecyst: gallbladder Chyme (Greek: juice): liquefied food entering the duodenum.

  25. Colon: the large intestine (divisible into ascending, transverse, descending and sigmoid colons)

  26. Deglutition: swallowing Duodenal: adjective form of duodenum used to name some digestive system disorders. Duodenum: segment of the small intestine connecting with the stomach.

  27. Fundus (Latin: bottom) : part of the stomach Gastric: adjectival form of stomach Hepatoid: resembling the liver Ileum: longest segment of the small intestine; leads to large intestine. Esophagus: the part of the digestive tract between the pharynx and stomach.

  28. Intestine (latin: gut): the small intestine is divisible into 3 zones: duodenum, jejunum and ileum The large intestine comprises the cecum, colon, rectum and anus. Jejunum: eight foot long segment of the small intestine between the duodenum and the ileum.

  29. Pancreatic: adjective for pancreas Salivaryglands: the parotid, sublingual, and submandibular salivary gland. They are glands with ducts, that produce saliva.

  30. Stomach: Digestive organ composed of four parts: Fundus Cardia The body Antrum

  31. Common Abbreviations: DM: Diabetes mellitus GB: gallbladder GBS: gallbladder x-ray series GERD: gastroesophageal reflux disorder GI: gastrointestinal NGT: nasogastric tube S&D: stomach & duodenum UGI: upper gastrointestinal

  32. Digestive system disorders

  33. Disorders of the Muscular Apparatus Enterology is the medical specialty concerned with the intestinal tract. Enterologists discover and treat many ailments of the digestive system. Among those ailments are : Enteralgia/enterodynia- abdominal pain Enterectomy-excision of part of the intestine Enteritis-inflammation of the intestine Entergastritis- inflammation of the intestine and stomach Enterohepatitis- inflammation of the intestine and liver

  34. Disorders of the Muscular Apparatus Enteropathy- any intestinal disease Enteropexy-surgical fixation of part of the intestine Enterorrahagia- bleeding in the intestinal tract Enterorrhaphy- suturing of the intestine Enterospasm-painful peristalsis (contraction of smooth muscles to propel contents through the intestinal/digestive tract) Enterostenosis – narrowing within the intestinal tract The term that encompasses all of them is enteropathy An enteroscope is the instrument used for the purpose of entroscopy which is diagnosis of disorders of the digestive system

  35. Disorders of the salivary glands, pancreas and liver Salivary glands are affected by the same conditions as other parts of the body For terminology related to the salivary glands the root word is sial/o is used but since the salivaries are glands the root for gland aden/o is sometimes added to the terms Ex. Sialoadenotomy And these glands have duct work as well so in some cases the root word for duct angi/o is also added like in Sialoangiitis.

  36. Disorders of the salivary glands Sialoadenitis-inflammation of the salivary gland Sialoadenectomy-excision of a salivary gland Sialoadenotomy-incision of a salivary gland Sialoangiitis-inflammation of the salivary duct Sialorrhea-excessive production of saliva Sialostenosis-narrowing of a salivary duct

  37. The general term for referring to diseases of the pancreas is pancreopathy When the pancreas fails to produce insulin in the required amounts, a condition known as diabetes occurs. There are many subcategories for this condition, the best known of which is diabetes mellitus- a chronic metabolic disease characterized by the body’s decreased ability to utilize carbohydrates and its enhanced ability to utilize proteins and lipids pancreatalgia- pain in the general area of the pancreas pancreaitis- inflammation of the pancreas pancreopathy-any disease of the pancreas pancreatotomy-incision into the pancreas

  38. The root word hepat/o refers to the liver and denotes any liver abnormalities hepatitis- inflammation of the liver hepatocele- protrusion of a part of the liver through an adjacent structure hepatopathy-any disease of the liver hepatopexy-fixation of the liver hepatorrhaphy-suturing of the liver hepatorrhexis- rupture of the liver hepatoscopy-examination of the liver

  39. cholecyst/o denotes abnormal gall bladder conditions, such as cholecystectomy- excision of the gall bladder cholecystitis-inflammation of the gall bladder cholecystopathy-any disease of the gall bladder cholecystotomy-incision into the gall bladder

  40. col/o – referring to the colon, also called the large intestine, from the greek word kolon colectomy- excision of all or part of the colon colitis- inflammation of the colon colonoscope- device used in colonoscopy colonoscopy- visual inspection of the colon wih a colonoscope colopexy- surgical fixation of the colon colorrhagia-abnormal discharge from the colon colostomy- surgical establishment of an opening into the colon colostomy-incision into the colon

  41. duoden/o – referring to the duodenum, which comes from the latin word duodeni (“twelve”) duodenectomy- excision of the duodenum duodenitis- inflammation of the duodenum duodenorraphy- suturing of the duodenum duodenoscopy- visual inspection of the duodenum with the aid of an endoscope duodenostomy- surgical establishment of an opening in the duodenum duodenotomy- incision of the duodenum

  42. esophagology- study of the structure and diseases of the esophagus

  43. gastrectomy- excision of part of the stomach gastritis- inflammation of the stomach gastrocele- hernia of the stomach gastrocolitis- inflammation of the stomach and the colon gastroduodenitis- inflammation of the stomach and the duodenum gastroenteritis-inflammation of the stomach and intestine

  44. ileopexy- surgical fixation of the ileum jejunectomy- excision of all or part of the jejunum jejunitis- inflammation of the jejunum jejunoplasty- surgical repair of the jejunum jejunotomy-incision into the jejunum

  45. Common Digestive System Disorders • Colon and Rectal Cancer • Stomach Cancer also called gastric cancer

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