1 / 24

Economic Changes and Cycles

Explore the concepts of inflation, deflation, hyperinflation, and business cycles along with their effects on the economy. Learn about economic growth, indicators, and the Rule of 72 in this comprehensive chapter on Economics.

mcintoshm
Download Presentation

Economic Changes and Cycles

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Economic Changes and Cycles Chapter 12 Economics

  2. Inflation & Deflation Section 1

  3. Do Now • Each student will need a textbook today. • Take out paper and the business cycle reading.

  4. Objective • Learn about inflation, deflation, hyperinflation, and the consequences (negative & positive) of both.

  5. Inflation - Review • Inflation is an increase in the price level. • Measured by the change in the CPI. • A positive change = inflation. • A negative change = deflation.

  6. Effects of Hyperinflation in Zimbabwe

  7. Demand-Side Inflation • When the inflation originates on the demand side. • Example: An increase in the money supply causes prices to rise.

  8. Supply-Side Inflation • Example of a cause: A drought lowers the output of food goods.

  9. Effects of Inflation • People on fixed incomes are especially hurt by inflation. • Savers need to look for investments that beat inflation. Banks respond by increasing interest rates on savings accounts. • Turns past decisions into mistakes.

  10. Effects of Inflation • People try to hedge against inflation so resources get diverted away from being used to produce goods & services. • Hedge: To try to avoid or lessen a loss by taking some counterbalancing action.

  11. Deflation • Deflation: A decrease in the price level.

  12. Demand-Side Deflation • When aggregate demand decreases & aggregate supply stays the same. • Example of a cause: A decrease in the money supply.

  13. Supply-Side Deflation • When aggregate supply increases & aggregate demand stays the same. • Example: Technology advancements increase productivity.

  14. An Effect of Deflation • Costs don’t always fall right away. • This means products are more expensive for firms to produce. • Therefore, firms go out of business.

  15. The Business Cycle

  16. The Business Cycle • Business cycle: Recurrent swings in real GDP.

  17. Phases of the Business Cycle • Peak • The high point • Real GDP is at a temporary high • Contraction • Real GDP decreases • If real GDP decreases for two consecutive quarters, the economy is said to be in recession. • Trough • The low point in real GDP • Happens just before it begins to rise

  18. Phases of the Business Cycle 4. Recovery • Real GDP is rising 5. Expansion • Increases in real GDP beyond the recovery

  19. Economic indicators • Leading indicators – occur before the stage • Example: stock market • Coincident indicators – happen during the stage • Example: GDP • Lagging indicators – happen at the end of the stage • Example: unemployment rates

  20. Economic Growth

  21. Causes of Economic Growth • Natural resources • Labor • Capital • Human capital • Technological Advances • Incentives

  22. Rule of 72 • Number of years for a variable to double • Rule of 72 = 72/growth rate

  23. Rule of 72 Examples • You have $2,000 in a CD earning 3% annual interest. How many years until the principal doubles? • You have $3,789 in a savings account earning 2% annual interest. How many years until the principal doubles? • You have $5,500 in a CD earning 7% annual interest. How many years until the principal doubles.

More Related