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Photosynthesis

Photosynthesis. What is it ? Where it occurs ? How ? How is its important ? How to measure ?. Photosynthesis ประกอบด้วย 3 กระบวนการย่อย. CO 2 diffusion A = C g d [CO2] Photochemical process (light reaction) 4H 2 O + 2ADP+2NADP + +2 p i O 2 +2H 2 O+2ATP+2NADPH + 2H +

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Photosynthesis

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  1. Photosynthesis • What is it ? • Where it occurs ? • How ? • How is its important ? • How to measure ?

  2. Photosynthesisประกอบด้วย 3กระบวนการย่อย • CO2 diffusion A = Cg d[CO2] • Photochemical process (light reaction) 4H2O + 2ADP+2NADP+ +2piO2+2H2O+2ATP+2NADPH +2H+ • Biochemical process 3CO2+9ATP+6NADPH+6H+triose-P+6NADP+9ADP+8Pi+3H2O

  3. The overall chemical reaction • CO2 + 2H2O (CH2O) + H2O + O2 • H2O light / atenna O2 + H+ +Pi • ADP +Pi +NADP+PSII PSI Cytochrome ATP + NADPH • CO2enzymes/ stroma (CH2O) • RuBPcarboxylase : CO2receptor

  4. CHLOROPLAST • 1- 10 mm • Lamellae (membranes) : light reaction • stroma lamella (double lamella) • grana lamella (stacked lamella) • Stroma : dark reaction

  5. Leaf anatomy of C3 vs. C4 plants

  6. Chloroplast and Chlorophyll structure

  7. Electron transportation • Chlorophyll a ,bCarotenoid • Reaction centers: absorbed PHOTONS from light energy • PSII: ground stage excited stage • PSI: Q , Photophosphorylation

  8. Energy diagram of the photosynthetic electron transport system Light Light Chlorophyll a Chlorophyll a/b P700 Electron transfer P680 O2 Electron transfer NADPH ATP H2O Photosystem II Photosystem I

  9. Redox potential Fd-Ub -800 e- NADP+ -600 Fd -400 e- Solar radiation -200 Q NADPH 0 e- Solar radiation 200 ADP e- Cty f Photo system I 400 ATP 600 Photo system II H2O 800 H+ CO2 reduction O2 Energy diagram of the photosynthetic electron transport

  10. Radiation vs Photons • E = hv = speed of light/wave length • E = energy content of the quantum (J/quantum) • h = Planck ‘s constant (6.626 x 10-34 J s) 400 500 600 700 (nm) 25 20 16.7 14.3 (x103 cm-1) 7.5 6 5 4.5 (x1014 s-1) 5 4 3.3 2.9 (x10-19 J quantum-1)

  11. Conversion factors for energy units used in the text • 1 electron volt (eV) = 1.602 x 10-19 J • 1 watt = 1 J s-1 • 1 kWh = 3.6 x 106 J • 1 Joule = 0.239 calories • = 6.242 x 1018 eV • 1 cal. = 4.184 J • 1 kJ mol quantum -1 = 1.036 x 10-2 eV • Plank’s constant = 6.62 x 10-34 Js • = 4.136 x 10-15 eVs • 1 mol quantum of photon contains Avogadro’s number 6.023 x 1023 particles = 1 Eistein

  12. Radiation & Light

  13. Carbondioxide fixation Biomass or Dry weight = Photosynthesis - Respiration - Dead - Translocation Carbon Balance • C3 species : Calvin cycle ; RUBP 3-PGA • C4 species : Hatch & Slack cycle ; PEP Oxaloacetic Acid etc. • Crussulation Acid Metabolism (CAM) : CO2 fixed during night C3 vs C4 : Kranz anatomy

  14. C3 Mesophyll C4 Mesophyll Bundle sheath CAM Dark Light C3 C4 and CAM plant PEP Carboxylase RuBP Carboxylase CO2 C4 Organic acids CO2 CO2 PGA (CH2O) RUBP PEP C3 acids

  15. พืช C3 vs C4 • ลักษณะทางกายภาพต่างกัน C3 ไม่มีVascular sheath แต่ C4 มี (Kranz anatomy) • เอนไซม์ PEPase มีความสามารถจับ CO2 ดีกว่า เอนไซม์ RUBPase • C4 มีอัตราการสังเคราะห์แสงสูงกว่า C3 (ในสภาพแสงจัด) • C4 ใช้พลังงานมากกว่า C3 ในการตรึง CO2 1 โมเลกุล • C4 มี RUBP น้อยกว่า C3 • C3 ปรับตัวได้ดีในสภาพ เย็นชื้น และ ร้อนชื้น ส่วน C4 ปรับตัวได้ดีในสภาพ ร้อน แห้ง หรือ ชื้น • C3 มี Photorespiration ส่วน C4 ไม่มี

  16. Cellular respiration • The process by which active cells obtain energy. It occurs in mitochondria, there are two coditions : aerobic & anaerobic respiration. • The obtained energy was used for maintenance and growth of the cell or organ. • Growth respiration : catabolism provides the energy required for biosynthesis and constructive reactions leading to form cellular products used in the crop growth

  17. Aerobic respiration has 3 stages : C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy Sucrose NAD+ O2 e transport chain Oxidative phosphorylation Pyruvic acid TCA Krebs’ cycle Glycolysis H2O NADH NADH+, ADP NADH, ATP

  18. Respiration • MITOCHONDRIA • C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O +637 kcal • Glycolysis: anaerobic respiration • aerobic respiration :Krebs cycle; Oxidativephosphorylation • Electron transport chain : ATP, NADPH formed and available for other synthesis of other moplecules for growth, active transport, and metabolic processes.

  19. Major plant metabolisms • STRUCTURAL compounds • cellulose • hemicellulose • pentosans • pectin, ect. • STORAGE compounds • starch • fructosans • proteins • lipids, ect. • ACTIVE CELL compounds • nucleic acids • enzymes • cytochrome • chlorophyll • phospholipids, ect. O2 Chloroplast : Photosynthesis Synthesis / Translocation Glycolysis ATP, NADP CO2 Mitochondria: Respiration; Krebs cycle CO2 O2

  20. Photophosporylation NADPH formed CO2 reduction CO2 as substrate H2O as substrate O2 is product CH2O is product Oxidative phosphorylation NADP formed O2 reduction CO2 is product H2O is product O2 is substrate (CH2O)n is substrate and product Photosynthesis vsRespiration

  21. Down Up Up Up Stop Upif + O2 Down if + CO2 Upif + light Up if + temperature Burstif dark PhotosynthesisvsRespiration if …….

  22. เครื่องมือที่ใช้วัดการสังเคราะห์ด้วยแสงเครื่องมือที่ใช้วัดการสังเคราะห์ด้วยแสง

  23. Environments SOIL CLIMATE AGRONOMY Character of CROPS Water route Photosynthesis Yield potential Etr/Etm Pst P pot X HI Pst * Etr/Etm -Res

  24. BAMnut model (Azam-Ali Sayed et.al, 2001. A Global Mapping Systems for Bambara Groundnut Production. FAO Agricultural Information Management Series) Weather data Water limited growth (WLG) Radiation limited growth (LLG) seed Intercepted radiation Bambara groundnut Water uptake Leaf Soil water PodW Root LeafW RootW ShootW

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