The Basics

1. The Basics Fingerprints T. Trimpe 2006 http://sciencespot.net

2. History of Fingerprints

3. HISTORYOF FINGERPRINTING • Chinese used fingerprints to sign legal documents as far back as three thousand years ago • William Herschel, an English civil servant (India), required natives to sign contracts with an imprint of their right hand – Hindu custom?

4. HISTORY OF FINGERPRINTING • In 1880, Scottish physician, Henry Fauld wrote that skin ridge patterns could be important in identification work • A thief left his fingerprint on a whitewashed wall – compared with 1st suspect - No match; compared with 2nd suspect with positive association

5. HISTORY OF FINGERPRINTING • Fauld offered to set up a system of fingerprints at Scotland Yard (at his own expense) • Rejected in favor of the Bertillon System • This decision reversed less than two decades later

6. HISTORY OF FINGERPRINTING • The first systematic attempt at personal identification was devised and introduced by the French police expert, Alphonse Bertillon, in 1883.

7. Bertillon’s System Relied on: • Portraite Parlé – Detailed description of the individual • Full length and profile photographs • Anthropometry – A system of precise body measurements

8. ANTHROPOMETRY • A method of identification • Based upon the premise that the dimensions of the human skeletal system remained fixed from age 20 until death • Eleven (11) measurements taken include height, width of head & length of left foot

9. FRANCIS GALTON • In 1892, published the classic work Finger Prints • In this book he discussed the anatomy of fingerprints and suggested methods for recording them • Proposed three pattern types: loops, whorls and arches

10. FRANCISGALTON • No two prints are identical • An individual’s prints remain unchanged from one year to the next

11. SIR EDWARD HENRY • Englishman • In 1897, proposed another classification system which is still in use today • Most English-speaking countries use some version of Henry’s classification system

12. Primary Classification The Henry—FBI Classification Each finger is given a point value 8 8 2 16 1 2 4 1 16 4 right left Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company 12

13. Primary Classification Assign the number of points for each finger that has a whorl and substitute into the equation; loops & arches are assigned zero. right right left left left index ring thumb middle little + 1 = right right right left left thumb middle little index ring +1 That number is your primary classification number Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company 13

14. Primary Classification The Henry—FBI Classification Each finger is given a point value 8 - Arch 8 - Whorl 2 - Arch 16 - Arch 1- Loop 2 - Loop 4 - Loop 1 - Whorl 16 - Whorl 4 - Arch right left Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company 14

15. Primary Classification Assign the number of points for each finger that has a whorl and substitute into the equation: 8 1 10 right right left left left index ring thumb middle little + 1 = right right right left left thumb middle little index ring +1 16 17 That number is your primary classification number 0.59 Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company 15

16. In the United States • 1901 – First systematic use of fingerprints adopted by the New York Civil Service Commission • 1904 – American police received training in fingerprint techniques from Scotland Yards representatives • 1924 – Fingerprint records from the Bureau of Investigation and Leavenworth merged to form records for the new FBI

17. Admissibility of Fingerprints • Challenged in the case of United States v. Byron C. Mitchell • Argued under Daubert guidelines that fingerprints were not unique • Judge upheld admissibility and ruled: 1. Human friction ridges are unique and permanent 2. Human friction ridge skin arrangements are unique and permanent

18. PHYSIOLOGY OF FINGERPRINTS

19. What are Fingerprints? • Friction ridge skin pattern • Found on fingers, palms, toes, soles of feet. • Composed of ridges (hills) and furrows (valleys) Black = Ridges White = Valleys 19

20. What are Fingerprints? • Develop in early embryonic development. • Pattern based on genetics, detail somewhat random • Identical twins do not have identical fingerprints 20

21. FUNDAMENTALS OF FINGERPRINTS FIRST PRINCIPLE: Friction Ridges develop their Unique form in the fetus

22. FUNDAMENTALS OF FINGERPRINTS SECOND PRINCIPLE: A Fingerprint will remain LARGELY UNCHANGED during an Individual’s Lifetime

23. FUNDAMENTALS OF FINGERPRINTS THIRD PRINCIPLE: Friction Ridge Patterns and their details are UNIQUE. No Two Fingers have yet been found to possess IDENTICAL RIDGE CHARACTERISTICS (even identical twins!!)

24. FUNDAMENTALS OF FINGERPRINTS FOURTH PRINCIPLE: FINGERPRINTS CAN BE SYSTEMATICALLY CLASSIFIED by GENERAL RIDGE PATTERNS

25. Loop Radial Loop Ulnar loop Fingerprint Classes There are 3 specific classes for all fingerprints based upon their visual pattern: arches, loops, and whorls. Each group is divided into smaller groups as seen in the lists below. Arch Plain arch Tented arch Whorl Plain whorl Central pocket whorl Double loop whorl Accidental whorl

26. Interesting Info Did you know? Dactyloscopy is the study of fingerprint identification. Police investigators are experts in collecting “dactylograms”, otherwise known as fingerprints. Fingerprint Factoid: 60% of people have loops, 35% have whorls, and 5% have arches

27. Arches Tented Arches Similar to the plain arch, but has a spike in the center. Plain Arch Ridges enter on one side and exit on the other side. Spike or “tent” Arches are the simplest type of fingerprints that are formed by ridges that enter on one side of the print and exit on the other. No deltas are present.

28. Delta If Left Hand – Ulnar Loop If Right Hand - Radial Loop Loops If Left Hand – Radial Loop If Right Hand - Ulnar Loop Left Hand Right Hand Loops must have one delta and one or more ridges that enter and leave on the same side. These patterns are named for their positions related to the radius and ulna bones, i.e. the bone that the loop opening is facing towards. Ulnar Ulnar Radius Help: “UP RT” Ulnar Pinkie side Radial Thumb side X-Ray Imagine: http://www.tooloop.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/Radius-Ulna-X-Ray.jpg

29. Whorls – Part 1 ***Draw a line between the two deltas in the plain and central pocket whorls. If some of the curved ridges touch the line, it is a plain whorl. If none of the center core touches the line, it is a central pocket whorl. Whorls have at least one ridge that makes (or tends to make) a complete circuit. They also have at least two deltas. If a print has more than two deltas, it is most likely an accidental. Central Pocket Whorl Plain Whorl

30. Accidental Whorl Double Loop Whorl Delta Delta Delta Whorls – Part 2 Double loop whorls are made up of any two loops combined into one print. Accidental whorls contain two or more patterns (not including the plain arch), or does not clearly fall under any of the other categories. Delta Delta Delta Plain Arch

31. Minutiae, also known as ridge characteristics. They help create unit ridge patterns. Bifurcation Ridge Ending Dot Island 31

32. How many ridge comparisons are necessary to identify two fingerprints as the same? • Range of 8-16 comparative points

33. Identify each fingerprint pattern. Right Hand… • Deltas? Zero=Arch • One=Loop • Two=Whorl 2. Arch? No center spike=Plain Center spike=Tented 3. Loop? Thumb=Radial Pinkie=Ulnar 4. Whorl? Touches Delta Line=Plain No touch Delta Line=Central Pocket Two loops wrapped together=Double Loop Two + patterns fitting other category=Accidental Left Hand… Right Hand… Left Hand…. Right Hand….

34. It’s time to makesome prints! Avoid Partial Prints GOOD PRINTGet as much of the top part of your finger as possible!

35. Directions 1st – Roll the “pad” portion of your thumb over the ink pad from the left side of your thumb to the right. You do not have to push down really hard! 2nd – Roll the “pad” portion of your thumb from the left side of your thumb to the right in the correct box on your paper to make a thumbprint. 3rd – Continue this process to make a fingerprint of all ten fingers on the “My Prints” worksheet. 4th – Use your notes and a magnifying lens to help you figure out what type of pattern is found in each of your fingerprints. Label each one with the pattern’s name.