Trade, Influence, and Power in Europe and the Americas

1. Emperor controls trade with enclaves Goods: Paper, silk, compass Expands Capital renamed Istanbul United by Islam Coffee, ceramics, numeral system England France – both modern & wealthy Russia – poor, mostly farmers Emperor controlled by shogun – military leader Isolated from outside influence Silk Road Trans-Sahara Trade Aztecs Inca Taj Mahal Islamic influence Trade silk, spices, gems, & textiles in European trading posts Songhai – wealth from Gold-Salt Trade

2. Mona Lisa by Leonardo da Vinci Renaissance man Rebirth of classical knowledge Begins in Italian city-states Spreads to Northern Europe Sistine Chapel By Michelangelo – realist painter & sculptor Humanism – focus on human values and accomplishments, learning Shakespeare English playwright, poet of Northern Renaissance Machiavelli – The Prince

3. Martin Luther Salvation by faith alone All humans equal before God Italians dominate Corruption and sale of indulgences Huge wealth & influence of merchants Posts 95 Theses (problems) on church door Begins Protestant movement

4. Henry VIII of England – Pope in Rome English church property as his Elizabeth I Anglican Church Dissenters Spanish Armada Colonies John Calvin Predestination What will happen to you Protestant movement

5. Princes remains Catholic 30 Years War Edict of Nantes Calvinists in France Makes 30 Years War political John Wycliffe Jan Huss Council of Trent Society of Jesus (Jesuits) Inquisition individualism secularism Religious toleration Printing press Higher literacy, spreads new ideas

6. Vasco da Gama Portugal Sails around Africa to create trade route to India Columbus Spain Reaches the New World, decimates indigenous Americans Magellan Spain His crew 1st to sail around the world, he dies in Philippines Hernan Cortes Spain Conquistador, conquered the Aztecs in Central Mexico Francisco Pizarro Spain Conquistador, conquered the Inca in Peru Francis Drake England Privateer, sailed around the world, defeated Spanish Armada Jacques Cartier France Reached Canada and claimed it for France

7. Europe Prince Henry of Portugal pioneers exploration Demand for gold Competition for colonies Europeans Horses, cattle, diseases that kill many Indians Sugar & rum America Rigid class system Colonies imitate mother country Christianity Manufactured goods lifestyles completely leads to slavery Plantation economy and environment Slaves Africa European trading ports Slaves & gold exported Christianity spreads Western Hemisphere – Native Americans Corn, potatoes, tobacco Economic practice, colonies benefit mother country banking system & money for markets

8. Centralize Power – take all of it for themselves Rule by Divine Right – God’s will France Builds palace of Versailles Spends to expand royal power Louis XIV Russia Westernizes Russia Builds St. Petersburg Takes nobles power Peter the Great Ignores Parliament, raises taxes Puritan military leader

9. Ignores Parliament, raises taxes Puritan military leader Grants rights and freedoms to Englishmen Royal power Eventual democracy & America’s gov Cromwell dies and Charles II restores the monarchy to England Peaceful, bloodless revolution William Mary share power equally with Parliament Fights with Parliament Factions modern political parties

10. Applies reason to human & natural world, stimulates religious tolerance and new government Leviathan Humans exist in nature Government protects us John Locke Government must protect our life, liberty, & property The Spirit of Laws Montesquieu Government is a contract between people and ruler Social Contract

11. Religious toleration, separation of church & state Voltaire Thomas Jefferson Declaration of Independence Baroque composer Concertos, fugues Mozart Symphonies, operas Eugene Delacroix Romantic painter Miguel Cervantes Don Quixote

12. Copernicus – developed heliocentric theory Kepler – Discovered planetary motion Isaac Newton Discovered laws of gravity William Harvey Discovered blood circulation Galileo Used telescope to support heliocentric theory Reason and observation lead to scientific method

13. Absolute monarchy Napoleon Conquer Europe Napoleonic Code Congress of Vienna Power Map of Europe Political philosophies (Liberal/Conservative) Bastille starts the Revolution Enlightenment Ideas on government Terror takes power, uses guillotine to execute The success of the American Revolution

14. outposts of control for Europe Catholicism mother countries Mining Viceroys 1823 President Monroe Latin America is independent Threat to America’s peace & safety Toussaint L’Ouvture France in war slavery in Haiti (1st one) Havana  Mexico City 

15. Miguel Hidalgo 1810-1821 Lima  Enlightenment liberated northern Creole from Venezuela Class system (Creoles, Mestizos, Natives) Sao Paulo BuenosAires 

16. National pride in your country’s interests Leads the Red Shirts in joining Northern & Southern Italy Uses nationalism to unify Northern Italy Germans & Italy unhappy with result Congress of Vienna In Rome are the last to join and unify the country of Italy Unsuccessful revolutions in 1848 Great Britain expands political rights

17. Nationalism Realpolitik Franco-Prussian War Otto Von Bismarck

18. England Natural resources (coal, iron), stable government, steam engine Increased education Better standard of living Better transportation Urbanization - more cities Harsh working conditions Factory system ends cottage industries Pollution & poor housing Enclosure movement

19. James Watt Steam Engine James Hargreaves Spinning jenny – used in England’s textile factories Eli Whitney Cotton Gin –demand for labor leads to slavery Henry Bessemer Process for making strong, cheap steel Edward Jenner Smallpoxvaccine Louis Pasteur Discovers bacteria & cause of sickness

20. European conflicts brought to colonies Dutch & British set up trading ports in India Christian missionaries convert natives to Christianity Directly ruled by foreign power (America – 13 colonies) Country protected by another 1 (Hawaii) Region where 1 country gets trading rights (China) Nationalism – competition for power & wealth Industrial Revolution – demand for natural resources and markets Matthew Perry 1854 America East India Company Built in Egypt to cut travel time to India, England controls it Held in 1884, European Powers divide up Africa for themselves

21. Matthew Perry 1854 America East India Company Spheres of Influence Built in Egypt to cut travel time to India, England controls it Held in 1884, European Powers divide up Africa for themselves Great Britain Indian National Congress & pushes for independence Foreigners Boxer Boxers – attack US merchants

22. mperialism lliances ationalism ilitarism Competition for colonies, resources, and markets Europe divided into competing groups Central – Germany Allies – England, France, Russia Balkan Peninsula – powder keg of ethnic tension Many diplomatic failures Armistice signed & Treaty of Versailles ends the war Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand of Austria starts the war Zimmerman Note makesAmerica join on Allied side Russian Revolution forces Russia to leave the war & sign treaty

23. Woodrow Wilson America’s president Wanted to stay out of WWI Created 14 Points plan for peace Kaiser Wilhelm II Germany’s leader Loses empire after the war to the Allies League of Nations Alliance Forces Germany to accept guilt for war Puts limit on Germany’s military Independence for helping Europeans fight in WWI future wars Ottoman Empire & Middle east America England weakness France

24. New Economic Policy Japan Bolsheviks Vladimir Lenin Landless peasants Stalin Tsar Nicholas Communist 5 Year Plans WWI Soviet Union Secret police farms Great Purge

25. German reparations High protective tariffs Americans using credit 1929 Stock Market Crash unemployment banks prices inflation political

26. Joseph Stalin Leads Soviet Union Communist Signs non-aggressionpact withHitlernot to fight Benito Mussolini Leads Fascist Party Wants to return Italy to glory of Rome Invades Ethiopia in show of force Adolf Hitler Anti-semitism National Socialism – Nazi Party Invades & Occupies neighboring countries Hideki Tojo & Hirohito Militarism Industrializes Japan Invade Korea, Manchuria, China for raw materials

27. Hideki Tojo & Hirohito Militarism Industrializes Japan Invade Korea, Manchuria, China for raw materials Giving in to avoid war at the Munich Conference Poland France Nazis America’s president at the start of WWII Britain air England over Nazis President when FDR dies, orders a-bomb dropped Germany Soviet Union non-aggression pact England’s prime minister who stands up to Nazis Supreme Allied commander of all allied forces Japan America US general in charge of the battle in Asia/Pacific D-Day Hiroshima & Nagasaki

28. Jews, non-Aryans, disabled Adolf Hitler’s Final Solution 1930s-1940s Political enemies, intellectuals Joseph Stalin & secret police Soviet Union Rwanda Hutu militia 1994 Artists, enemies, intellectuals Cambodia 1970’s

29. Marshall Plan US occupies under Gen. MacArthur Tokyo Nuremburg Japanese war criminals (Tojo) Japan now a powerful, wealthy ally Nazis US gives $$ to democracies to prevent communism Universal Declaration of Human Rights – UN statement of basic rights all humans deserve Superpowers the Soviet Union America Soviet Union Democracy & free market capitalism Communism & state control NATO – military alliance of democracies Warsaw Pact – military alliance Support West Germany & Berlin Take over East Germany, wall off Berlin

30. Yalta Conference England, Soviet Union America Eastern Europe as satellite nations Iron Curtain Truman’s Doctrine Deterrent to war Mao Zedong communist Chiang Kai Shek nationalists Taiwan

31. Communist democratic China USA & NATO Divided in 2 today France Ho Chi Minh Contain Vietnam is all communist Economic military Nationalism NATO military alliance Berlin Wall Union Estonia Latvia

32. Indian Subcontinent Middle East Africa Led non-violent protest against British rule Israeli Prime Minister led Israel in Yom Kippur War led violent struggle against English rule in Kenya became 1st prime minister after Gandhi’s assassination Egypt’s president, nationalized Suez Canal, built Aswan Dam & allied with Soviets First black president of South Africa, fought against apartheid Developed nuclear program and allied with Soviets

33. Group led by Gandhi that fought for independence Gives power of self-determination to African colonies After WWI used to control territories in Mideast prohibited discrimination (caste system) Mandate power in Syria & Lebanon imperial rule by Europeans & economic exploitation Mandate power in Jordan & Palestine England divided India by religion with Muslims in Pakistan Fights for independence from France Created after WWII out of Palestine peaceful transitions to independence today the world’s largest democracy Differences create conflicts in Palestine, Israel, etc federal system gives most power to states in India violent fight for independence has eased financial problems long struggle against apartheid (Segregation)

34. High Literacy rate Low fertility rate (babies per mother) Slow or no population growth Freemarket economies Large middle class Political freedom High Birth rates = rapid growth Low literacy rates Little access to health care Poverty Poor health Ethnic & religious conflict Climate change illiteracy Pollution rapid growth Terrorism

35. Refugees countries Guest workers temporary • Munich Olympics • 9/11 attacks • Car bombings • Suicide bombers • Airline hijackers Global peace keeping organization lends money to developing nations at a cost Surveillance Review of privacy rights Security at ports and airports Identification badges and photos free trade agreement between US, Canada, & Mexico Global organization promoting free trade - common currency and easier borders in Europe

36. North & South America, Europe Billions New Testament Israel, America Millions Torah – written record of Hebrew beliefs India & South Asia Billion Vedas China, India, Asia Millions 4 Noble Truths Middle East & Africa Billions Koran (Qur’an)

37. Catholics & Protestants in N. Ireland Jesus as son of God Councils agree on Church doctrine India & Pakistan Karma – knowledge that all thoughts & actions have consequences Reincarnation – rebirth based on karma China & freedom of religion Enlightenment – spiritual happiness 8 Fold Path – steps you take to reach Enlightenment Arab – Israeli conflict – Yom Kippur War over Israel 10 Commandments Guide moral & religious conduct Arab-Israeli conflict – Middle East 5 Pillars – basic acts of faith for all Muslims Mecca & Medina – holy sites Muslims should pilgrimage to