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Measurements and Properties of Matter

This chapter covers the measurements and calculations related to matter and its properties. It discusses the concepts of matter, inertia, weight, mass, conservation of mass and energy, and the different states of matter. It also explores the properties and changes of matter, indicators of chemical reactions, classification of matter into mixtures and pure substances, chemical elements, units of measurements, and heat and temperature. The chapter concludes with a discussion on scientific measurements, accuracy, precision, and proportional relationships.

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Measurements and Properties of Matter

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  1. Chapter 2 Measurements and Calculations

  2. II. Matter and Its Properties -Matter: has mass & occ space 1. Occupy space 2. Experience inertia *Inertia: resist change

  3. *weight: (mass)(gravity) *mass: amount of matter *Law of Conservation of Mass

  4. -NRG *ability to do work *ability to create a force over a distance some time in the future ~Chem deals mostly with 1. Thermal 2. Radiant 3. Electric

  5. *kinetic nrg= (.5)(m)(v)2 nrg of motion *potential nrg= (m)(g)(h) nrg do to position

  6. -Law of Conservation of NRG (1st) -States of Matter 1. Solid 2. Liquid 3. Gas 4. Plasma **See Website Ex’s** http://www.chem.purdue.edu/gchelp/liquids/character.html

  7. -Properties & Changes *can be used to classify subst 1. Physical: observ or measure without alter ident of the material. ex: color 2. Chemical: change that alters ident ex: burn wood, rust iron

  8. *Chem Rxn: pg13 *Reactans yields Products A + B ----> AB *Exother: acid + HOH -->heat + ??? *Endother: ice + heat ---> HOH

  9. Indicators of Chem Rxn’s 1. Produce heat & light 2. Produce gas 3. Produce precipitate **K Demo** *precip.: solid formed from a solution

  10. III. Classification of Matter -Mixture *Heterogeneous: pg 16 ex: veg. soup, clay + water *Homogeneous / Solutions: pg16 ex: air, salt HOH

  11. *Homogeneous / Solutions: pg16 ex: air, salt HOH ~components of any mixture can be separated from each other by physical methods

  12. -Pure Substances 1. Same property 2. Same composition 3. Can not be separated without changing the ident ex: electrolysis

  13. *element: ex: K, Pb *chem. Cmpnd:ex: HOH, sugar *Law of Definite Composition: ex: CH4 C=75% H=25%

  14. IV. Chemical Elements *Groups: vert *Periods: horz -Symbols:

  15. -Types of Elements (pg21) 1. Metals: 2. Nonmetals: 3. Metalloids: 4. Noble Gas:

  16. II. Units of Measurements • Factor/Label: ex’s • Derived Units • Table 2-3 pp 36

  17. Density: = (m) / (v) units?? g/ml ***table 2-4 pp 38** • Volume: = (l) (w) (h) units?? cm3

  18. A. Heat and Temp *Temp: *Heat: ex’s: pp 511-512

  19. -Kelvin: • Freeze: 273.15 • Boil: 373.15 • K = (C) + 273 • 0 K is absolute 0

  20. Celsius • Freeze = 0 °C • Boil = 100 °C • ° C = (5/9) (F - 32)

  21. Fahrenheit: • Freeze = 32 °F • Boil = 212 °F • °F = (9/5) (°C) + 32

  22. -Units of Heat *Joule (J) *Calorie (c): c = 4.184

  23. Paper Cup Demo • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gQpUQu9bkAc&feature=related • #2 (boiling water in a paper cup)

  24. Heat Cap. and Spec. Heat *HC: pp 513 Fig. 17-1

  25. Spec. Heat = heat lost or gained (J or Cal) mass(g) X ∆ in Temp (°C) Cp = ______q______ (m) (∆ T)

  26. Examples • Determine the specific heat of a material if a 35g sample absorbed 48 J as it was heated from 293 K to 313 K. A: .069 J/(g*K)

  27. Examples 2. How much heat is needed to raise the temperature of 5 g of gold by 25 C? A: 16 J

  28. Examples 3. If 980 kJ of energy are added to 6.2 L of water at 291 K, what will the final temperature of the water be? A: 329 K

  29. III. Scientific Measurements *Accuracy: *Precision: ex’s: pp 44 *Percent Error = Valueacc - Valueexp Valueacc

  30. -Proportional Relationships • Directly: y/x = k or y = kx • Inversely: xy = k or y = k/x **ex’s and graphs http://mathcentral.uregina.ca/QQ/database/QQ.09.00/ellis1.html

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