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F4 CHEMISTRY

F4 CHEMISTRY. ATMOSPHERE OCEAN ROCKS & MINERALS. PLANET EARTH (matter). GASES IN THE AIR. COMPOUNDS IN SEA WATER. COMPOUNDS OF METALS. MATTER (substance). Gas Solid Liquid (solution). ATMOSPHERE EARTH OCEAN . THE ATMOSPHERE. Atmosphere. AIR.

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F4 CHEMISTRY

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  1. F4 CHEMISTRY ATMOSPHERE OCEAN ROCKS & MINERALS

  2. PLANET EARTH (matter) GASES IN THE AIR COMPOUNDS IN SEA WATER COMPOUNDS OF METALS

  3. MATTER (substance) Gas Solid Liquid (solution) ATMOSPHERE EARTH OCEAN \

  4. THE ATMOSPHERE Atmosphere AIR Earth

  5. AIR (composition) • NITROGEN (78%) • OXYGEN (21%) • NOBLE GASES (1%) • CARBON DIOXIDE (0.03-0.04%) • WATER VAPOUR • OTHERS

  6. AIR (separating gases) • Liquefaction of air AIR (g) → AIR (l) • Fractional distillation of liquid air (Fractionating column) • Nitrogen (g) (bp=-196oC) • AIR (l) • Oxygen (g) (bp=-183oC)

  7. TEST FOR GASES • OXYGEN • RELIGHTS A GLOWING SPLINT • NITROGEN • NO SIMPLE TEST • CARBON DIOXIDE • TURNS LIME WATER TO MILKY • Lime water (calcium hydroxide solution) • Milky substance (calcium carbonate)

  8. WORD EQUATION CARBON DIOXIDE turns LIME WATER to milky Carbon + Calcium → Calcium + water dioxide hydroxide carbonate (g) (aq) (s) (l)

  9. TEST FOR GASES (cont.) • CARBON DIOXIDE (excess) • MILKY SOLUTION TURNS COLOURLESS • Colourless solution (calcium hydrogencarbonate solution) • CHLORINE • Bleaches wet litmus paper

  10. OCEAN • OCEAN - SEA WATER • SEA WATER - AQUEOUS SOLUTION • SEA WATER CONTAINS • WATER (96.5%) • DISSOLVED SALTS (2.5%) • Mostly common salt (sodium chloride) • OTHERS(includes dissolved gases) (1%)

  11. Obtain common salt from Sea water • FILTRATION • RESIDUE – mud, sand, solid particles • FILTRATE – sea water • EVAPORATION of the filtrate • Dilute solution → Concentrated solution → Saturated solution • CRYSTALLIZATION • Cool slowly – to obtain large crystals of Salt (NaCl) • Filtration – to obtain Salt

  12. Obtain pure water from Sea water • DISTILLATION • Boiling Water (l) → Water (g) (water vapour) • Condensing • Water (g) → Water (l) (water vapour) • Distillate - pure water / distilled water

  13. TEST FOR COMMON SALT • SALT IS AN IONIC COMPOUND • CATION (from metals) • Test – FLAME TEST • ANION (from non-metals) • Test – Chemical Test

  14. FLAME TEST FOR CATIONS • Nichrome wire • Concentrated hydrochloric acid • Bunsen burner • Colour of flame • Potassium compound • Sodium compound • Calcium compound

  15. TEST FOR ANION (chloride) • Silver nitrate solution & dilute nitric acid • Add to a solution of chloride • White precipitate appear • White precipitate is SILVER CHLORIDE • Word equation:

  16. TEST FOR ANION (sulphate) • Barium chloride solution & dilute hydrochloric acid • Add to a solution of sulphate • White precipitate appear • White precipitate is BARIUM SULPHATE • Word equation:

  17. TEST FOR ANION (carbonate) • Dilute hydrochloric acid • Add to a solution of carbonate • Effervescence • Colourless gas is CARBON DIOXIDE • Word equation:

  18. TEST FOR WATER • Dry cobalt(II) chloride paper (blue) • Water turns blue cobalt(II) chloride paper pink.

  19. ELEMENTS OF WATER • COMPOUND → ELEMENTS • Word equation • WATER → OXYGEN + HYDROGEN (Compound) (Elements of water) • ELECTRICITY is required • SOURCE OF ELECTRICITY (CELL) • POSITIVE ELECTRODE (+) • NEGATIVE ELECTRODE (-) • The process is ELECTROLYSIS OF WATER

  20. Dissolved salts in Sea water • Dissolved salts • Sodium chloride (NaCl) • Magnesium chloride (MgCl2) • Potassium sulphate (K2SO4) • Calcium chloride (CaCl2) • Dissolved ions • (Dissolved ions of Na+, Cl-, Mg2+, SO42-, K+, Ca2+)

  21. Electrolysis of Sea water • Sea water is a mixture • Water + dissolved Salts • Substances from electrolysis of sea water using carbon electrodes: • Hydrogen (at the negative electrode) • Chlorine (at the positive electrode) • Sodium hydroxide (in the solution)

  22. EARTH’S CRUST (Minerals) ROCK is amixture of MINERALS MINERALS Compounds Elements Gold Silver Compounds of metals Compounds of non-metals Al2O3 CaCO3 SiO2

  23. ORES • ORE • Rock containing compounds of metals • Examples of Ore • Bauxite (aluminium ore) • Haematite (iron ore) • Cinnabar (mercury ore)

  24. EXTRACTION OF METALS FROM ORES • Physical separation • Heating of ore • Heating the ore with carbon • Electrolysis of molten ore

  25. CHALK, LIMESTONE, MARBLE • Calcium carbonate exists in 3 forms: • Chalk • Limestone • Marble • Formation of chalk • Skeleton or shells of dead sea animals • High pressure or temperature • Long time

  26. Investigating Calcium carbonate • Action of heat • Calcium Calcium + carbon carbonate oxide dioxide • Action of dilute hydrochloric acid • Effervescence • Calcium chloride, carbon dioxide, water • Action of water • Insoluble in water

  27. LIMESTONE and related compounds • LIMESTONE • Calcium carbonate ( formula) • QUICKLIME • Calcium oxide ( formula) • SLAKED LIME • Calcium hydroxide ( formula) • LIMEWATER • Saturated solution of calcium hydroxide (formula )

  28. Further reactions • Calcium oxide reacts with water to form calcium hydroxide • Calcium hydroxide is slightly soluble in water • Limewater is a saturated solution of calcium hydroxide • Limewater can be used to test for carbon dioxide gas • (The milky substance is calcium carbonate)

  29. EROSION • Erosion is a complicated process • Broken down into smaller pieces • Changed into other material • Lost of surface material • Causes of erosion • Heat • Rain (acid rain) • Wind, running water, gravity

  30. FORMATION OF LIMESTONE CAVES • Heat decomposes limestone • forms calcium oxide and carbon dioxide • Acid rain reacts with limestone • forms salt and carbon dioxide • (carbon dioxide dissolves in rain water to form carbonic acid) • Limestone is slightly soluble in water

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