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Photosynthesis: Variations on the Theme

Photosynthesis: Variations on the Theme. O. C. O. Remember what plants need…. Photosynthesis light reactions light H 2 O Calvin cycle CO 2.  sun.  ground.  air. What structures have plants evolved to supply these needs?. __________. __________________. Leaf Structure.

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Photosynthesis: Variations on the Theme

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  1. Photosynthesis:Variations on the Theme

  2. O C O Remember what plants need… • Photosynthesis • light reactions • light • H2O • Calvin cycle • CO2  sun  ground air What structures have plants evolved to supply these needs?

  3. __________ __________________ Leaf Structure ___________ ________ ________ O2 H2O ________ ________ CO2 ________ ________________ Gas exchange O2 Gas exchange

  4. Controlling water loss from leaves • Hot or dry days • ________________________ • ________________________ • gain H2O = stomates open • lose H2O = stomates close • adaptation to living on land, but… creates PROBLEMS!

  5. O2 CO2 H2O O2 CO2 When stomates close… • Closed stomates lead to… • O2 build up  from light reactions • CO2 is depleted  in Calvin cycle • causes problems in Calvin Cycle The best laidschemes ofmice and men…and plants! xylem (water) phloem (sugars)  

  6. Inefficiency of RuBisCo: CO2 vs O2 • RuBisCo in Calvin cycle • _________________________ • normally bonds Cto RuBP • CO2 is the optimal substrate • _______________________ • _______________________ • _________________________ • RuBisCo bonds Oto RuBP • O2 is a competitive substrate • _______________________ • _______________________ photosynthesis photorespiration

  7. 1C 5C 3C CO2 RuBP 5C 6C unstable intermediate ATP ADP 3C ATP PGA ADP G3P 3C NADPH NADP Calvin cycle when CO2 is abundant RuBisCo G3P to make glucose C3 plants

  8. O2 RuBP 5C 3C 2C to mitochondria ––––––– lost as CO2 withoutmaking ATP Calvin cycle when O2 is high Hey Dude, are you highon oxygen! RuBisCo It’s so sad to see agood enzyme,go BAD! photorespiration

  9. Impact of Photorespiration • Oxidation of RuBP • short circuit of Calvin cycle • loss of carbons to CO2 • can lose 50% of carbons fixed by Calvin cycle • reduces production of photosynthesis • no ATP (energy) produced • no C6H12O6 (food) produced • if photorespiration could be reduced, plant would become 50% more efficient • strong selection pressure to evolve alternative carbon fixation systems

  10. Reducing photorespiration • Separate carbon fixation from Calvin cycle • ___________________ • __________________________________________________ • different cells to fix carbon vs. where Calvin cycle occurs • store carbon in 4C compounds • different enzyme to capture CO2 (fix carbon) • __________________________ • different leaf structure • ___________________ • __________________________________________________ • fix carbon during night • store carbon in 4C compounds • perform Calvin cycle during day

  11. C4 plants • A better way to capture CO2 • 1st step before Calvin cycle, fix carbon with enzyme___________________ • store as 4C compound • ____________________________________________ • have to close stomates a lot • different leaf anatomy • sugar cane, corn, other grasses… corn sugar cane

  12. O2 CO2 PEP (3C) + CO2 oxaloacetate (4C) C4 leaf anatomy light reactions PEPcarboxylase C3 anatomy ________________________ stomate CO2 RuBisCo • _________________________ • ___________________________ • better than RuBisCo • ___________________________ • regenerates CO2in inner cells for RuBisCo • keeping O2 away from RuBisCo C4 anatomy

  13. Comparative anatomy Location,location,location! C3 C4 PHYSICALLY separate C fixation from Calvin cycle

  14. CAM (Crassulacean Acid Metabolism) plants • _______________________________ • ____________________________________________ • close stomates during day • open stomates during night • ______: open stomates & fix carbonin 4C “storage” compounds • ______: release CO2 from 4C acids to Calvin cycle • increases concentration of CO2 in cells • succulents, some cacti, pineapple It’s all inthe timing!

  15. CAM plants cacti succulents pineapple

  16. C4 vs CAM Summary solves CO2 / O2 gas exchangevs. H2O losschallenge ___________ separate 2 steps of C fixation temporally =2 different times night vs. day ___________ separate 2 steps of C fixation anatomically in 2 different cells

  17. We’ve all gotbaggage! Why the C3 problem? • Possibly evolutionary baggage • Rubisco evolved in high CO2 atmosphere • there wasn’t strong selection against active site of Rubisco accepting both CO2 & O2 • Today it makes a difference • 21% O2 vs. 0.03% CO2 • photorespiration can drain away 50% of carbon fixed by Calvin cycle on a hot, dry day • strong selection pressure to evolve better way to fix carbon & minimize photorespiration

  18. It’s not so easy as it looks… Any Questions??

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