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Brain Anatomy and Functionality Overview

Explore the divisions and structures of the brain including the telencephalon, diencephalon, mesencephalon, and rhombencephalon. Learn about the functions of thalamus, hypothalamus, pons, medulla, spinal cord, and more.

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Brain Anatomy and Functionality Overview

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  1. Chapter 2b CNS Gross Anatomy • Chris Rorden University of South Carolina Norman J. Arnold School of Public Health Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders University of South Carolina

  2. Brain Sub-Divisions Telencephalon – Cortex, Limbic system, basal ganglia, olfactory bulb Diencephalon Thalamus, Hypothalamus Mesencephalon Tegmentum, Red Nucleus, Colliculi Rhombencephalon Pons, Cerebellum, Medulla Spinal Cord

  3. Diencephalon • Diencephalon = thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, prethalamus or subthalamus and pretectum • Thalamus • Oval Mass of Neurons in the Center of the Brain • Relays Sensorimotor Information to the Cortex

  4. Thalamus • Poor contrast on MRI scans – hard to see.

  5. Thalamic Injury • T2-weighted MRI • Bilateral injury to parts of thalamus

  6. Diencephalon • Hypothalamus • Body Heat, Water intake, Hormone Production, Emotional Expression, Food Consumption and Reproduction

  7. Midbrain, Hindbrain • Pons • Medulla Oblongata • Functions: Automatic Control Systems

  8. Ventral Brainstem • Mamillary Bodies • Medial Sulcus • Ventral Median Fissure • Pyramidal Tract • Pyramidal Decussation • Where signals cross • Ventral lateral sulcus

  9. Midbrain Dorsal Structures • Superior and Inferior Colliculus • The ‘little hills’. • Superior colliculi – help initiate eye movements, integrate visual, auditory and tactile information • Inferior colliculi- audition • Aka Corpora Quadrigemina (four seeds) Dorsal View of Brainstem Pineal Body Brachium Superior Colliculus Inferior Colliculus Colliculus Superior Inferior Trochlear Nerve

  10. Colliculi • Superior colliculi: eye movement control. Also maps touch and hearing onto vision • Inferior colliculi: pathway for auditory processing Sagittal View

  11. Internal Structures of the Midbrain • Tegmentum • Cerebral Aqueduct • Red Nucleus • Cranial nerve nuclei • Reticular Formation • Central Gray Area Transverse Section of Rostral Midbrain Tectum Tegmentum Basis Pedunculi

  12. Internal structures of the pons • Tegmentum • Ascending and Descending Fibers • Medial Lemniscus • Basilar Pons • Cortical Descending Tracts • Pontine Nuclei • Pontocerebellar Fibers Transverse Section of Mid Pons Teg- mentum Basilar

  13. Medulla Oblongata • Connects to Pontine Protrusion • Caudal Portion Contains Pyramidal Decussation • Where motor tracts cross over for control of contralateral side of the body Tegmentum Pyramid

  14. Landmarks of Medulla • Ventral • Ventrolateral Sulcus • Pyramidal Tract • Lateral Corticospinal Motor Tract • Dorsal • Dorsal Median Sulcus • Dorsolateral Sulcus • Olivary Nucleus

  15. Internal Medulla • Dorsal Tegmentum • Ventral Pyramidal Tract • Reticular Formation • Cardiac Center • Vasomotor Center • Respiratory Center

  16. Cerebellum • Modifies Cortical Activity • Distinctive Appearance • Gyri called Folia • Two Hemispheres • Three Lobes • Anterior • Posterior • Flocculonodular

  17. Cerebellum Posterior lobe • Rostral view • (bird’s eye) Anterior lobe

  18. Cerebellum • Caudal view (from the feet) Posterior lobe Anterior lobe Flocculus

  19. Cerebellum • Anterior view Flocculus Nodulus

  20. Cerebellum • Midsagittal slice Nodulus Flocculus

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