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GENDER AND MENTAL ILLNESS

GENDER AND MENTAL ILLNESS. RECENT CHANGES. MAJOR TOPIC OVER LAST 15 YEARS VAST CHANGE IN SOCIAL ROLES 2/3 OF MARRIED WOMEN WORK 60% OF WOMEN WITH SMALL CHILDREN WORK (19% IN 1960) 7% OF TOTAL HOUSEHOLDS HAVE WORKING FATHER AND HOUSEWIVE. QUESTIONS.

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GENDER AND MENTAL ILLNESS

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  1. GENDER AND MENTAL ILLNESS

  2. RECENT CHANGES • MAJOR TOPIC OVER LAST 15 YEARS • VAST CHANGE IN SOCIAL ROLES • 2/3 OF MARRIED WOMEN WORK • 60% OF WOMEN WITH SMALL CHILDREN WORK (19% IN 1960) • 7% OF TOTAL HOUSEHOLDS HAVE WORKING FATHER AND HOUSEWIVE

  3. QUESTIONS • HOW ARE THESE SOCIAL CHANGES RELATED TO MENTAL HEALTH? • DO WOMEN OR MEN HAVE MORE MENTAL ILLNESS? • DO MEN AND WOMEN HAVE DIFFERENT TYPES OF M.I.? • HOW IS GENDER RELATED TO THE TREATMENT OF MENTAL ILLNESS?

  4. GENDER • BOTH BIOLOGY AND PSYCHOLOGY FOCUS ON GENDER AS CONSTANT PROPERTY OF INDIVIDUALS • BIOLOGY - PHYSIOLOGY, HORMONES, REPRODUCTION, ETC. • PSYCHOLOGY - DIFFERENCES IN PSYCHOLOGICAL ORIENTATIONS

  5. SOCIOLOGICAL • DISTRESS ARISES OUT OF SOCIAL ROLES • POWER, RESOURCES, AUTONOMY ASSOCIATED WITH MALE ROLES • OPPOSITE WITH FEMALE ROLES • REGARDLESS OF WHETHER MEN OR WOMEN OCCUPY THE ROLES

  6. SOCIAL ROLES • WOMEN IN TRADITIONALLY MALE ROLES HAVE LESS DISTRESS • MEN IN TRADITIONALLY FEMALE ROLES HAVE MORE DISTRESS • MEN AND WOMEN IN SAME ROLES WILL HAVE SAME DISTRESS

  7. CULTURAL EXPECTATIONS • NOT JUST ROLES BUT EXPECTATIONS OF MEN AND WOMEN IN ROLES • POWERFUL MAN VS. WOMAN • UNEMPLOYED MAN VS. HOUSEWIFE • DISTRESS FROM COMBINATION OF ROLES + EXPECTATIONS

  8. SOCIAL ROLES (GOVE) • RATES OF M.I. HISTORICALLY SPECIFIC NOT UNIVERSAL - CHANGE OVER TIME AS ROLES CHANGE • BEFORE WWII - WOMEN’S ROLES VALUED • RELATIVELY EQUAL RATES OF M.I. • AFTER WWII - HOUSEWIVE ROLE

  9. AFTER WWII • WOMEN’S ROLES MORE STRESSFUL THAN MEN’S • HOUSEWIVE ROLE IS FRUSTRATING, UNDEMANDING, UNREWARDED • WORKING WOMEN FACE ROLE OVERLOAD AND DISCRIMINATION • UNCLEAR EXPECTATIONS

  10. PREDICTIONS • MARRIED WOMEN HAVE MORE DISTRESS THAN MARRIED MEN • SINGLE MEN AND WOMEN EQUAL

  11. MARRIAGE AND DISTRESS • SINGLE MEN AND WOMEN EQUAL • MARRIED MEN < MARRIED WOMEN • IMPORTANCE OF ROLES

  12. DISTRESS, WORK AND MARRIAGE • HOUSEWIVES > DISTRESS THAN WORKING WOMEN • WORKING WOMEN > WORKING MEN • ROLE OVERLOAD • UNEMPLOYED MEN WORST

  13. ROLES ARE IMPORTANT • SAME ROLES, SAME DISTRESS - E.G. SINGLE PEOPLE • MALE ROLESHAVE LESS DISTRESS - EMPLOYMENT, RESOURCES, LESS OVERLOAD • FEMALE ROLES HAVE MORE DISTRESS - NO JOBS, LOWER EARNINGS, MORE OVERLOAD

  14. CHANGES OVER TIME • 1960’S - HUSBANDS WITH WORKING WIVES HAVE MORE DISTRESS • NO LONGER TRUE • 1990’S - HUSBANDS WITH WIVES EARNING MORE THAN THEY DO HAVE MORE DISTRESS (NOW TRUE IN 1/3 OF FAMILIES)

  15. CHANGES OVER TIME • RATES GOING UP • WOMEN > MEN • DIFFERENCES SMALLER NOW • BECAUSE MEN RISING MORE RAPIDLY

  16. LIMITS OF SOCIAL ROLE THEORY • OVERSIMPLIFIED • HARD TO EXPLAIN MEN’S DISTRESS • STUDIES BIASED BECAUSE ONLY USE FEMALE TYPES OF MENTAL ILLNESS – USUALLY DISTRESS/DEPRESSION

  17. GENDER AND TYPES OF MENTAL ILLNESS

  18. TYPES OF ILLNESS • LITTLE GENDER DIFFERENCE FOR PSYCHOSES • WOMEN = 2/3 OF DEPRESSION, ANXIETY, DISTRESS, SUICIDE ATTEMPTS, ALMOST ALL EATING DISORDERS • MEN = 2/3 OF ALCOHOL AND DRUG PROBLEMS, 4X SUICIDES, ALMOST ALL GAMBLING • OVERALL RATES EQUAL

  19. FUNCTIONAL EQUIVALENCE • ARE MALE AND FEMALE EXPRESSIONS OF MENTAL ILLNESS FUNCTIONAL EQUIVALENTS? • E.G. EATING DISORDERS AND GAMBLING COMPARABLE SEX-TYPED EXPRESSIONS? • E.G. DEPRESSION AND ALCOHOLISM

  20. REASONS • CULTURAL EXPECTATIONS ABOUT GENDER ROLES • WOMEN INTERNALIZE • WOMEN EXPECTED NOT TO EXTERNALIZE • MEN EXTERNALIZE • MEN EXPECTED NOT TO INTERNALIZE

  21. GENDER AND TREATMENT

  22. TREATMENT DIFFERENCES • WOMEN ABOUT 2/3 OF OUTPATIENTS • MEN ABOUT 60% OF INPATIENTS

  23. INPATIENT TREATMENT • MEN MORE LIKELY THAN WOMEN TO BE INPATIENTS • MEN’S SYMPTOMS MORE TROUBLESOME AND VIOLENT • MEN DELAY TREATMENT UNTIL MORE SEVERE

  24. OUTPATIENT TREATMENT • WOMEN MORE LIKELY TO DEFINE SELVES AS HAVING PSYCHOLOGICAL PROBLEMS • WOMEN MORE LIKELY TO SEEK MENTAL HEALTH TREATMENT • WOMEN MORE LIKELY TO REMAIN IN TREATMENT - PATIENT ROLE

  25. SUMMARY • ROLES AND EXPECTATIONS, AS WELL AS PERSONS, ARE IMPORTANT • SAME ROLES, SIMILAR RATES OF MENTAL ILLNESS • MEN AND WOMEN HAVE DIFFERENT TYPES OF MENTAL ILLNESS • MEN AND WOMEN HAVE DIFFERENT PATTERNS OF TREATMENT

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