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The brain stem. 山东大学医学院 解剖教研室 李振华. The brain. Telencephalon 端脑 Diencephalon 间脑 Cerebellum 小脑 Brain stem 脑干. The brain stem 脑干. Consists of Midbrain 中脑 Pons 脑桥 Medulla oblongata 延髓. Medulla oblongata 延髓. Ventral surface
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The brain stem 山东大学医学院 解剖教研室 李振华
The brain • Telencephalon 端脑 • Diencephalon间脑 • Cerebellum 小脑 • Brain stem 脑干
The brain stem 脑干 Consists of • Midbrain 中脑 • Pons 脑桥 • Medulla oblongata延髓
Medulla oblongata延髓 Ventral surface • Pyramid锥体: contain pyramidal tract (corticospinal tract) • Decussation of pyramid锥体交叉: formed by crossing fibers of corticospinal tract • Olive橄榄: produced by underlying inferior olivary nucleus • Anterolateral sulcus前外侧沟: rootlets of hypoglossal nerve emerge from it • Retroolivary sulcus橄榄后沟: rootlets of glossopharyngeal, vagus and accessory nerves emerge from it
Medulla oblongata 延髓 Dorsal surface • Lower portion • Gracile tubercle薄束结节:produced by underlying gracile nucleus • Cuneate tubercle楔束结节: marks the site of cuneate nucleus • Inferior cerebellar peduncle 小脑下脚 • Obex 闩 • Upper portion: forms the lower half of rhomboid fossa
Pons 脑桥 Ventral surface • Basilar part基底部 • Basilar sulcus 基底沟 • Bulbopontine sulcus 延髓脑桥沟: from medial to lateral, the abducent, facial and vestibulocochlear nerves appear • Middle cerebellar peduncle小脑中脚 • Trigeminal nerve 三叉神经 • Pontocerebellar trigone 脑桥小脑三角: the junction of medulla, pons and cerebellum
Pons脑桥 Dorsal surface • Superior cerebellar peduncle 小脑上脚 • Superior medullary velum 前髓帆 • Trochlear nerve滑车神经
Midbrain 中脑 Ventral surface • Crus cerebri 大脑脚底 • Interpeduncular fossa 脚间窝oculomotor nerves emerge from medial of crus cerebri • Posterior perforated substance 后穿质
Midbrain中脑 Dorsal surface • Superior colliculus上丘constitute centers for visual reflexes • Inferior colliculus下丘associated with auditory pathway • Brachium of superiorcolliculi 上丘臂 • Brachium of inferior colliculi 下丘臂
Fourth ventricle 第四脑室 Central canal →fourth ventricle →mesencephalic aqueduct→third ventricle Position • Situated ventral to cerebellum, and dorsal to pons and cranial half of medulla
Boundaries • Inferolateral: gracile and cuneate tubercles, inferior cerebellar peduncle • Superolateral: superior cerebellar peduncle • Lateral recess
Features • Median sulcus 正中沟 • Sulcus limitans 界沟 • Vestibular area前庭区 overlies vestibular nuclei • Acoustic tubercle听结节overlyingdorsal cochlear nucleus • Medial eminence 内侧隆起 • Striae medullares 髓纹
Facial colliculus面神经丘: overlies nucleus of abducent n. and genu of facial nerve • Hypoglossal triangle 舌下神经三角: verlyinghypoglossal nucleus • Vagal triangle迷走神经三角: overlies dorsal nucleus of vagus nerve • Funiculus separans分隔索 • Area postrema 最后区 • Locus ceruleus 蓝斑
Roof • Anterior part: formed by superior cerebellar peduncle and superior medullary velum • Posterior part: formed by inferior medullary velum and choroid plexus of fourth ventricle • Three apertures • Median aperture of fourth ventricle第四脑室正中孔 • Two lateral apertures of fourth ventricle 第四脑室外侧孔
Internal structures Gray matter • Cranial nerve nuclei • Relay nuclei
General somatic motor nuclei一般躯体运动核 • Nucleus of oculomotor n.动眼神经核 • Nucleus of trochlear n. 滑车神经核 • Nucleus of abducent n. 展神经核 • Nucleus of hypoglossal n.舌下神经核
Special visceral motor nuclei特殊内脏运动核 • Motor nucleus of trigeminal n. 三叉神经运动核 • Nucleus of facial n. 面神经核 • Nucleus ambiguus 疑核 • Accessory nucleus 副神经核
General visceral motor nuclei 一般内脏运动核 • Accessory oculomotor nucleus 动眼神经副核 • Superior salivatory nucleus 上泌涎核 • Inferior salivertory nucleus 下泌涎核 • Dorsal nucleus of vagus n. 迷走神经背核
Visceral sensory nuclei ( general and special ) • Nucleus of solitary tract孤束核
General somatic sensory nuclei • Mesencephalic nucleus of trigeminal n. 三叉神经中脑核 • Pontine nucleus of trigeminal n. 三叉神经脑桥核 • Spinal nucleus of trigeminal n. 三叉神经脊束核
Special somatic sensory nuclei • Cochlear nuclei 蜗神经核 • Vestibular nuclei 前庭神经核
Relay nuclei 传导中继核 • Gracile nucleus 薄束核 • Cuneate nucleus 楔束核 • Inferior olivary nucleus 下橄榄核 • Superior olivery nucleus 上橄榄核 • Pontine nucleus 脑桥核 • Nucleus of inferior colliculus下丘核 • Gray matter layers of superior colliculus 上丘灰质层 • Red nucleus 红核 • Substantia nigra 黑质 • Pretectal area 顶盖前区
White matter Ascending tracts • Medial lemniscus 内侧丘系 • Spinal lemniscus脊髓丘系 • Trigeminal lemniscus 三叉丘系 • Lateral lemniscus外侧丘系
Medial lemniscus 内侧丘系
Spinal lemniscus 脊髓丘系
Trigeminal lemniscus 三叉丘系
Descending tracts • Corticospinal tract皮质脊髓束 • Rubrospinal tract 红核脊髓束 • Tectospinal tract 顶盖脊髓束 • Vestibulospinal tract 前庭脊髓束 • Reticulospinal tract 网状脊髓束
Lateral lemniscus 外侧丘系
Reticular formation of brain stem • Ascending reticular activating system (ARAS) 上行网状激动系统 • Motor central and vital centres • Reticulospinal tract • Cardiovascular center and respiratory center • Serotonergic rapheal nuclei
Medulla oblongata Lower part (closed part) • Two decussations– • Decussations of medial lemniscus • Decussations of pyramid
Medulla oblongata Upper part (open part) • Appearance of inferior olivary nuculeus and inferior cerebellar peduncle • Enlargement of central canal to form the fourth ventricle floor
Pons • Tegmentum of pons脑桥被盖directed upward continuation of medulla oblongata • Basilar part基底部 contain both longitudinal and transverse fibers intermixed with pontine nuclei
Midbrain • Rectum of midbrain中脑顶盖: includes superior and inferior colliculi • Cerebral peduncle 大脑脚 • Tegmentum 被盖: contain ascending tracts, central gray matter, recticular formation and so on • Substentia nigra 黑质 • Crus cerebri 大脑脚底: • Pyramidal tract锥体束-middle three-fifths of the crus: • Frontopontine tract额桥束medial one-fifth: • pariatotempopontine tract 顶颞桥束lateral one-fifth