SISTEM PENCERNAAN NON RUMINASIA

1. SISTEM PENCERNAAN NON RUMINASIA IRFAN DJUNAIDI, FAC. ANIMAL SCIENCE, BRAWIJAYA UNIVERSITY

2. Poultry/Avian Digestion Tract

3. Rongga Mulut • Fungsi gigi diganti oleh paruh (defisiensi metionin menyebabkan kanibalisme) • Dilengkapi lidah (seperti anak panah) untuk membantu menarik pakan ke esophagus • Alat (titik)perasa sangat sedikit, sehingga kurang selektif

4. Jumlah Alat (titik) Perasa pada Ternak

5. Kelenjar saliva pada unggas hanya menghasilkan mucus (lubrikasi) dan tidak menghasilkan amilase. Produksi saliva : 7 – 30 cc/ hari • Pada mamalia, selain sebagai mucus juga menghasilkan amilase. Produksi saliva : 15 – 20 liter/hari

6. Oesophagus • Terjadipenonjolan : Crop /tembolok , denganfungsisebagaipenampungpakansementara, hidrolysis KH oleh lactobacilli. • pH : 4,5 • Broiler : crop kurangberperankarenabisamembentukdivertikulumuntukmengaturaruspakan • Layer : crop pentinguntukkalsifikasitelur , danpakansebagaisumber Ca.

7. Lambung • Proventrikulus, pH =4,4 Menghasilkangetahlambung :lendir, HCl & Pepsinogen Protein Peptida • Ventrikulus / empedal, pH : 2,6 Membantupencernaanmekanik Koilin + HCl gizzard teeth

8. Usus Kecil • Duodenum, pH : 5,7 – 6,5 Mensekresi : - enteropeptidase - Pancreozymin & Secretin Pankreasmensekresienzim • Pankreas • endokrinHormon insulin • eksokrinGetahpencernaan

9. Getah pencernaan pankreas Amilase Lipase Protease Pepsinogen HCl pepsin Tripsinogen enteropeptidase tripsin Chymotripsinogen tripsin chymotripsin Bicarbonat

10. Jejenum & Ileum • Disakarida • Aminopeptidase • Dipeptidase • Esterase SukrosaGlukosa Fruktosa Peptida AA Ester Asamlemak monogliserida

11. Macamenzim, substrat, produkakhirpadatiapbagianalatpencernaanunggas (Ensminger et al.,, 1990)

13. Hati • Mensekresiempedu • Usus besar Caecum, Colon & Cloaka. pH = 5,7 – 6,5 • Memetabolisme protein, KH & lemak • Tempat penyimpanan beberapa vitamin • Detoksikasi zat yg berbahaya bagi tubuh • Destruksi sel-sel darah merah • Pembentukan protein darah

14. PertumbuhanUsusHalusYang Optimum Pertumbuhan Optimum : 2 -12 hari pasca menetas Diameter & panjang: berkembang sampai 14 hari Kedalaman & jumlah kripta : berkembang sampai 12 hari Villi duodenum : berkembang sampai 4 hari Villi jejunum & ileum villi : berkembang sampai 10 hari

15. 7 Hari Pertama Pada Broiler Selama 7 haripascamenetas, ayamakanmengembangkan organ-organ internal: • Paru-paru (oksigen), • Ampela (menghancurkanmakanan), • Hati (untukpencernaandanlainnya), • Pankreas (enzim), • Usus (absorpsi/penyerapan) dan • Organ-organ system kekebalan (thymus, bursa and limpa/spleen).

16. 7 Hari Pertama Pada Broiler • Perkembangan saluran pencernaan / GIT lebih cepat dari pada organ-organ lain seperti tulang, dada, otot kaki dan bulu • Ayam mempersiapkan kerangka tubuh untuk pertumbuhan selanjutnya. • Mempengaruhi performans ayam secara keseluruhan, perlu hati2 dalam treatment dan perlakuan

17. Swine Digestion Tract

18. The digestive capacity of the pig increases with age. Neonates and lactating piglets depend on a well-developed gastric ability to effectively clot milk. • During the first few weeks of life, both the small intestine and pancreas grow and develop, to prepares piglet for weaning. • The large intestine matures slower; this explains why the pig tends to digest fibrous feeds better in direct relation to its age.

19. KAPASITAS ALAT PENCERNAAN HEWAN (LITER)

20. KAPASITAS RELATIF SALURAN PENCERNAAN (%)

21. Alat Pencernaan Kuda

22. In the horse both the caecum and the colon are enlarged. As in the rumen, the large cellulose molecules are broken down to smaller molecules that can be absorbed.

23. Alat Pencernaan Kelinci

24. The caecum in the rabbit, rat and guinea pig is greatly enlarged to provide a “fermentation vat” for micro-organisms to break down the cellulose plant cell walls. This is called a functional caecum. • However, the position of the functional caecum after the main areas of digestion and absorption, means it is potentially less effective than the rumen.

25. The rabbit (and rodents) solve this problem by eating their own faeces so that they pass through the gut a second time and the products of cellulose digestion can be absorbed in the small intestine. • Rabbits produce two kinds of faeces. Softer night-time faeces are eaten directly from the anus and the harder pellets, that have passed through the gut twice.

26. COPROPHAGY / CAECOTROPHY • This is the eating of faecal-like pellets produced in the caecum. These caecal pellets are sometimes called soft faeces. To do this, the rabbit sucks in the soft faeces as they emerge from the anus, then swallow without chewing. • Consumption of the soft faeces starts when the rabbit is about 4 weeks old. Note that rabbit can survive without practicing caecotrophy for many days but death is usual if they are prevented from eating their soft faeces for several months. • Soft faeces are higher in crude protein and lower in crude fibre than hard faeces. Their higher protein level is due to their content of bacteria. • Caecotrophy is a very important part of the rabbit’s digestive processes. It recycles some unabsorbed nutrients as well as returning protein and vitamin B rich bacteria for enzyme digestion in the small intestine.

27. FIBRE! • In the wild, rabbits mainly eat grass • with a few leaves, vegetable matter and occasionally bits of twig & bark • Rabbits have a digestive system perfectly developed for eating fibre, such as grass • Pet rabbits rely on their owners feeding them a diet that mimics what they would eat in the wild • Their digestive system relies on: • A very delicate balance of bacteria • Fibre moving through their gut at all times • If levels of bacteria change • Health problems such as diarrhoea and sticky bottom occur • If movement of fibre through the gut stops • This can quickly be a cause of death

28. Others function of fibre for animal • Stimulating intestine peristaltic • Improving enzyme secretion • Make Feed smooth and & palatable • Improving solubility of Vit B12 & K

29. Rabbits are prey animals • Grass is not rich in nutrients but rabbits have evolved to be able to digest grass and fibre to extract all the nutrients they need • Cows are big animals that also eat grass and so have developed massive stomachs (80 litres big) and a rumination process to digest grass and nutrients. • Rabbits however, are prey animals who have many predators in the wild • They need to be a size and build that enables them to quickly run away from predators • So they can’t have a large stomach & digestive system like a cow • When eating they are looking for predators not at what they are eating • Hence evolved with eyes toward top of head • They cannot see what they eat • So the look and colour of food is irrelevant to them

30. RabbitsLet’s talk about droppings! • Rabbits need to process their food twice to get all the nutrients they need from it • So rabbits are physically unique • They eat their own droppings • And they should and NEED to do this • It is not the same issue as for dogs! • Actually, rabbits have 2 types of droppings • The droppings that rabbits eat are special • They are full of additional nutrients that the rabbit needs • Called ‘sticky droppings’ or caecotrophs

31. RabbitsLet’s talk about droppings! • Left hand side: Sticky droppings • or ‘caecotrophs’ • Right hand side: Hard droppings • Hard droppings from a healthy rabbit are perfectly spherical • Not tear-drop shaped

32. Feeding the good bacteria in the rabbit • Rabbits cannot digest their food without the help of beneficial bacteria and other microbes • Maintaining the balance of bacteria in their digestive system keeps rabbits alive • Feeding rabbits the right sort of food is therefore one of THE most important aspects of rabbit care to ensure healthy, happy bunnies! • Choice of food is therefore critical

33. Rabbit Diet…and the role that fibre plays

34. The problem with common-style food for rabbits • Selective feeding • Rabbits can become fussy eaters • They will eat sweet foods, as an easy way to get a glucose fix • This can result in rabbits picking out bits of their food and leaving the rest • Leading to an imbalanced diet, with rabbit missing out on essential nutrients, like fibre, calcium, phosphorous and Vitamin D • Lack of fibre • common-style foods do not contain enough fibre • Unhealthy ingredients • Often, the actual ingredients in muesli foods are high in sugar and starch • These are difficult for the rabbit to digest and can lead to health problems and obesity Remember:Rabbits can’t see the food they’re eating, so what it looks like really doesn’t matter!

35. Fibre in the rabbit’s diet • Indigestible fibre • Longer in size • Is needed by the rabbit to keep digestive system going • Gut motility • Also plays an essential part in keeping teeth ground down • And helps stimulate appetite • Too little indigestible fibre in the diet leads to gut stasis • Movement round the digestive system stops • This is fatal for rabbits

36. Fibre in the rabbit’s diet • Digestible fibre • Very short fibre, less than 0.3 – 0.5mm after being eaten • Is needed by the rabbit for essential nutrition • Maintains right level of good bacteria in the gut • Essential for digestion to work • Too little digestible fibre in the diet leads to malnutrition

37. FibrePhysical & Emotional Health • Fibre is vital for: • Digestive health • Dental health • Emotional health

38. FibreDigestive Health • Fibre promotes healthy digestion by: • ensuring gut motility • promoting the optimal balance of bacteria in the gut • helping to prevent abnormal droppings and caecotrophs • helping stimulate appetite • Burgess Excel Nuggets • Contain high levels of beneficial fibre (digestible and indigestible fibre) and all the nutrients rabbits need, in every mouthful • Prevents selective feeding • Contain a prebiotic – promotes beneficial bacteria for healthy digestion

39. Fibre : Dental Health • Rabbits teeth grow continuously • 8-12cm / year • Fibre promotes dental health by: • encouraging greater use of the teeth • helping with optimal dental wear • Excel Herbage and Forage • Excel Herbage: Timothy hay with Marigolds & Dandelions • An excellent source of beneficial long fibre • Nibbling /bite on hay assists the grinding of teeth, keeping them in great shape • Excel Forage: Barn-dried grass • Another great source of fibre and essential nutrients Remember: Hay is essential food for rabbits, not just bedding!

40. Fibre: Emotional Health • In many ways, fibre promotes emotional health for rabbits • Fibre in the form of hay or dried grass: • Encourages natural foraging behaviour • Prevents boredom • Can be provided in ‘containers’ that stimulate the rabbit • Tunnels, hay balls etc • Fibrous healthy snacks (like Excel Nature Snacks): • Provide emotional enrichment • Encourage interaction and bonding between pet and owner

41. Danke

42. Faktor2 yang Mempengaruhi Energi intake • Faktor yang berasal dari ternak sendiri • Faktor lingkungan • Faktor Pakan Bulu penutup Umur Jenis kelamin Strain Suhu Kelembaban Kecepatan angin

43. Zat Makanan • Energi • Karbohidrat • Lemak • Protein Asamlemakjenuh : miristat, palmitat, stearat Asamlemaktidakjenuh : Oleat, linoleat, linolenat, Arakhidonat, palmitoleat