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Metabolism

Metabolism. Why Study Metabolism?. Classification of bacteria Oxygen Tolerance Biochemical reactions Acids, Ammonia, Gases Fermentation Products Food Products Yogurt, Sour Cream, Bread, Alcohol Commercial Products Citric Acid, Plastics Environmental Cleanup. Ying & Yang of Metabolism.

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Metabolism

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  1. Metabolism

  2. Why Study Metabolism? • Classification of bacteria • Oxygen Tolerance • Biochemical reactions • Acids, Ammonia, Gases • Fermentation Products • Food Products • Yogurt, Sour Cream, Bread, Alcohol • Commercial Products • Citric Acid, Plastics • Environmental Cleanup Chapter 5

  3. Ying & Yang of Metabolism • Metabolism = Anabolism + Catabolism • Photosynthesis requires Respiration • Respiration requires Photosynthesis • Energy Production = Energy Consumption Chapter 5

  4. Breakdown Proteins to Amino Acids, Starch to Glucose Synthesis Amino Acids to Proteins, Glucose to Starch Chapter 5

  5. Chapter 5

  6. Chapter 5

  7. Overview of Metabolism • Source of Energy (Photo- vs. Chemotroph) • Source of Electrons • Carrier of Electrons • Final Electron Acceptor • Source of Carbon (Auto- vs. Heterotroph) • Auto- : Carbon Dioxide • Hetero- : Organic Compounds Chapter 5

  8. Classification based on Metabolism • Where microbes get their energy? • Sunlight vs. Chemical • Photo- vs. Chemo- trophs • How do they obtain carbon? • Carbon Dioxide (or inorganic cmpds.) vs. Organic Compounds (sugars, amino acids) • Auto- vs. Hetero- trophs • Examples • Photoautotrophs vs. Photoheterotrophs • Chemoautotrophs vs. Chemoheterotrophs Chapter 5

  9. Chapter 5

  10. Chapter 5

  11. Types of -trophs Chapter 5

  12. Source of Electrons • Autotrophs • Photosynthesis • H2O, H2S • Chemotrophs • Organic Compounds • Carbohydrates (C H2O) • Glucose, Lactose, Sucrose, Mannitol, Citrate • Amino Acids Chapter 5

  13. Electron Carriers • Photosynthesis • NADP + H to NADPH • Respiration • NAD + H to NADH • FAD + H to FADH • Contain Niacin and Riboflavin • Vitamins, not stable • Can’t store these molecules Chapter 5

  14. Final Electron Acceptor • Photosynthesis • CO2 + H’s to CH2O • Stores energy • Respiration • Aerobic • 1/2 O2 + H 2 to H2O • Anaerobic • Fermentation Chapter 5

  15. Movement of Electrons • Chemical reactions • Oxidation Reactions • Reduction Reactions • Reactions Coupled • Redox reactions Chapter 5

  16. Chapter 5

  17. Example of Redox Equations Chapter 5

  18. Example of Redox Equations Chapter 5

  19. Example of Redox Equations Chapter 5

  20. Examples • ATP  ADP + P • Oxidation, release energy • ADP + P  ATP • Reduction, stores energy • NAD + H  NADH • FADH  FAD + H • NH4 + 11/2O2NO2- +H2O + 2H + ATP • 2H2 + O2 2H2 O Chapter 5

  21. Examples • Cellular Respiration • C6H12 O6 + 6O2 6H2O + 6CO2 + 38 ATP • Photosynthesis • 6H2O + 6CO2 + light  C6H12 O6 + 6O2 • Nitrification • NH4 NO2 to NO3 • Ammonia to Nitrite to Nitrate • Ammonification • N2 NH4 Chapter 5

  22. Respiration • Overview; • Glucose to Carbon dioxide + Water +Energy • C6H12O6 + O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + 38 ATP • Glucose is highly reduced; contains energy • Oxygen receives the electrons to form energy • 4 separate reactions • Glycolysis, Transition Reaction, Krebs Cycle, Electron Transport, Chemiosomosis • Requires Oxygen Chapter 5

  23. Steps in Respiration • Electron Donors • Organic Compounds (Glucose preferred) • Electron Carriers • NAD to NADH • FAD to FADH • Electron Acceptors-Terminal • O2 to H2O • Phosphorylation Reactions • ADP to ATP • Chemiosmosis Reactions Chapter 5

  24. Glycolysis- 10 steps • Glucose is Phosphorylated to form Fructose 1,6-diphosphate • Split to form 2 Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate • Final Products are: • 2 Pyruvic Acid (C3H4O3) • Compare to original glucose - C6H12O6 • 2 NADH • 2 ATP Chapter 5

  25. Chapter 5

  26. Transition Reaction • Pyruvic Acid  Acetyl - Co A + CO2 + NADH • C2H4O2 Chapter 5

  27. Kreb’s Cycle • Figure E.3, A29 • Acetyl CoA  Carbon Dioxide • C2H4O2 to CO2 • Energy produced/Acetyl CoA (x2 for /Glucose) • 3 NADH • 1 FADH • 1 ATP • Metabolic Wheel • Fats, amino acids, etc. enter or leave • Citrate is product of first reaction • Simmons Citrate Media Chapter 5

  28. Electron Transport Chain • NADH oxidized to NAD • FAD reduced to FADH • Cytochromes shuffle electrons finally to O2 • Cytochrome Oxidase important in G - ID • H2O formed and ATP • 3 ATP / 1 NADH • 2 ATP / 1 FADH Chapter 5

  29. Chapter 5

  30. Chapter 5

  31. Chapter 5

  32. Chapter 5

  33. Fermentation Products from Pyruvate • Homolactic = Lactic Acid • Yogurt, Lactobacillus • Alcohol + CO2 • Propionic Acid • Butyric Acid • Acetic Acid • Succinic Acid • Butylene to Acetoin • basis for VP Test (Vogues-Proskauer) Chapter 5

  34. Fermentation Products • Alcohol and Carbon Dioxide • Yeast mostly • Lactic Acid • Humans, muscles without oxygen • Bacteria (Lactobacillus-yogurt) • Butyric Acid • Rancid butter, Clostridium-gangrene • Acetoin • Butanediol fermentation in Klebsiella • Propionic Acid • Swiss Cheese Chapter 5

  35. Fermentation in Yeast Chapter 5

  36. Fermentation in Muscle Chapter 5

  37. Chapter 5

  38. Chapter 5

  39. Photosynthesis • Plants • CO2 + H2O + Light  C6H12O6 + O2 • Water is split to release electrons • Bacteria • H2S is used not water • Sulfur or Sulfuric Acid formed • Oxygen not released • Chlorophyll is different • Strict Anaerobe • Purple & Green Sulfur Bacteria Chapter 5

  40. Chemiosmosis • Production of ATP in Electron Transport • Electrochemical Gradient Formed between membranes • H+ (Protons) generated from NADH • Electrical Force (+) & pH Force (Acid) • Gradient formed • ATPase enzyme that channels H+ from High to Low concentration • 3 ATP/NADH • 2 ATP/NADH Chapter 5

  41. Chapter 5

  42. Summary of Respiration • Aerobic Respiration • Glycolysis • Transition Rx. • Kreb’s Cycle • Electron Transport Chain • Anaerobic Respiration • Pyruvate  • Lactic Acid • Mixed Acids • Alcohol + CO2 • Recycle NADH • 2 ATP / Glucose Chapter 5

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