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Control variables and interaction

Control variables and interaction. Maarten Buis 23/01/2006. The effect of being female on loneliness. Loneliness measured on a scale from 1-11 Average loneliness of females is 2.70 Average loneliness of males is 2.38 So, females are on average 0.32 more lonely than males.

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Control variables and interaction

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  1. Control variables and interaction Maarten Buis 23/01/2006

  2. The effect of being female on loneliness • Loneliness measured on a scale from 1-11 • Average loneliness of females is 2.70 • Average loneliness of males is 2.38 • So, females are on average 0.32 more lonely than males. • This difference is significant

  3. effect of female on loneliness in SPSS

  4. effect of being married on loneliness • Average loneliness of married people is 2.05 • Average loneliness of non-married people is 3.43 • So, non-married people are on average 1.38 more lonely than married people. • This difference is significant

  5. effect of being married in SPSS

  6. Females are more often widowed • We found an effect of gender on loneliness: females are more often lonely than males • We also know that females live longer than males • So, within the group females there are more widowed persons than within the group males • We know that widowed (non-married) persons are more lonely than married persons. • So the difference between males and females could be due to the fact that females are more likely to be a widow.

  7. Control variable • The effect of being female is contaminated by the effect of marital status. • So we want to estimate the effect of being female while controlling for the fact that females are more often widowed than males • We do that by doing a two factor ANOVA

  8. In SPSS

  9. Difference in effect of being female for married and non-married persons • Average loneliness of married females is 2.16 • Average loneliness for married men is 1.97 • Effect of female on loneliness of married persons is 0.19 • Average loneliness of non married females is 3.25 • Average loneliness for non-married men is 3.86 • Effect of female on loneliness of non-married persons is -.061

  10. Interaction • married females are more lonely than married males. • Non-married females are less lonely than non-married males. • This difference in effect between married and non-married of being female on loneliness is called an interaction. • Usually written down as married*female

  11. More marital status categories • We have looked thus far at married and non-married • But nothing prevents us from looking at married, widowed, divorced, and never married persons

  12. Do before Wednesday • Chapter 15, but skip: • section Computation procedures, starting on page 411 • section Size of Relationship, starting on page 419

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