Scientific Method

1. Film Canister Lab Scientific Method

2. There are many ways to conduct science Examples: • Observational- Field study • Such as animal behavior • “Experimental Research” – Conducts controlled experiments. • Tests one variable • Different steps

3. One way of researching the natural world Experimental Research“Usually associated with scientific method”

4. Identify a Question or Purpose After observing the world around you, you can derive a problem that you want to find more about • Derive a question based on observation above that you would like to investigate. AND/OR • State purpose of experiment

5. Flip Book- Purpose/Question

6. Observation of film canister NO TALKING LISTEN AND WATCH TEACHER Brainstorm…

7. Film Canister Lab- Purpose/Question: Does changing the amount of water in the film canister change the reaction time? Notice that the words purpose/question are underlined with a colon after the word “Question”

8. Background Information • Scientist research and become knowledgeable about the subject and investigation that they are going to test. • They know and understand key concepts relating to their topic . AND/OR • They know and understand other investigations that have already been conducted about their topic.

9. Flip Book- Background info

10. Film Canister- Background Info Purpose/Question: Background Information: Cut and Glue in the Background Information for the Film Canister Lab onto your Lab Paper. Notice that the words Background Information are underlined with a colon after the word “Information”

11. Background Information There's nothing like a little rocket science to add some excitement to the day. Alka-Seltzer (an effervescence) is made of sodium bicarbonate (baking soda), citric acid, and acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin). When you add water it starts to dissolve the Alka-Seltzer tablet. When the solid dry powders of sodium bicarbonate, citric acid, and acetylsalicylic acid are pressed together to make a tablet, being solids, the molecules are not mobile enough to react. Adding the right amount of water dissolves the chemicals and allows them to mingle and react.This creates a gas called carbon dioxide. As the carbon dioxide is being released, it creates pressure inside the film canister. The more gas that is made, the more pressure builds up until there is no more room in the film canister and the cap is blasted down and the canister is blasted up. The lid of the canister is the path of least resistance for the gas pressure building up inside, so it pops off instead of the stronger sides or bottom of the canister bursting open. We can thank Sir Isaac Newton for what happens next. When the build-up of carbon dioxide gas is too great and the lid pops off, Newton's Third Law explains why the film canister flies across the room: for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. The lid goes one way and the film canister shoots out of the tube in the opposite direction. This system of thrust is how a real rocket works whether it is in outer space or here in the earth's atmosphere. Of course, real rockets use rocket fuel.

12. Hypothesis • A HYPOTHESIS is a tentative statement that proposes a possible explanation to some phenomenon or event. • A hypothesis: • Is written in an IF…Then … Because statement. • Relates two variables (the independent and dependent). • Is testable.

13. Flip Book-Hypothesis

14. Identify Variables • Independent Variable-the factor that you manipulate, the factor that you change or monitor in an experiment. Cause • X-axis • Answers the question: What do I change/test? • Dependent Variable-the factor that changes in response to the independent variable, the results, the outcome that is being measured or observed in an experiment. Effect • Y-axis • Answers the questions: What do I measure/observe for results?

15. Variables Continued • Constant Variables-During the experiment to only test one variable OR the independent variable scientists use CONSTANTS. • Constants are factors in an experiment that stay the same throughout the whole experiment. • Answers the question: What do I keep the same?

16. Flip Book- Variables

17. Film Canister- Hypothesis Purpose/Question: Background Information: Hypothesis: Ifthe amount of water is increased thenthe reaction time of the lid popping off will decrease because there is less room in the canister for the pressure to build therefore popping off earlier. Variables:

18. Film Canister Lab- Variables Purpose/Question: Background Information: Hypothesis: Variables: Independent: Amount of Water (mL) Dependent: Reaction time(seconds) Constants: Brand of effervescent tablet. Amount of effervescent tablet

19. Materials A detailed list of all the equipment and materials needed to conduct the experiment. • You must be specific and methodical so that someone could exactly duplicate your experiment. • Use brand names and/or numbers for every single item on your list • Bullet the list with the details listed at the end of each item

20. Flip Book- Materials

21. Film Canister- Materials Purpose/Question: Background Information: Hypothesis: Notice that the materials are bulleted and listed one after another. Variables: • Materials: • 2 Alka-Seltzer tablets • 1 film canister with cap • 1 graduated cylinder • 1 thermometer • 1 timer/stopwatch • 100 mL of tap water • Paper towels to clean up mess

22. Procedure Write a detailed and precise procedure that includes the correct sequence of steps to be taken The procedure should be specific and methodical so that another experimenter could duplicate the experiment without having to ask you ANY questions! • Write for one level of the independent variable and add repetitions for repeated trials • Written in step by step form using numbers

23. Flip Book- Procedure

24. Film Canister- Procedure Procedure: Break the tablet in half. Measure 10 mL of tap water Measure the temperature of the water. Pour the 10 mL of tap water into the film canister. Add one half of the tablet to a film canister. Quickly cap the canister and turn upside down so the cap is resting on the table. Measure the time it takes to pop the top and record in the data table. Repeat steps 2-7 for one more trial. Repeat steps 2-8 for 20 mL of water. Cut and Glue in the Procedure for the Film Canister Lab onto your Lab Paper. Notice that the procedures are numbered and listed one after another.

25. Data Excellent way to organize and show trends in data. • Many types of graphs to show data. • Data Table • Drawings • Graphs • Bar graph- most common, best when I.V. is not numerical. • Line graph-mostly used when you have numerical I.V. and D.V.

26. Flip Book-Data Title: D.V.: I.V.:

27. Film Canister- Data Procedure: Data Table: Cut and Glue in the Data Table for the Film Canister Lab onto your Lab Paper.

28. Film Canister - Graph Procedure: Data Table: Graph: THIS IS OUR EXAMPLE GRAPH MAKE YOUR OWN WITH YOUR OWN DATA!!! This zig-zag is to be used when intervals on the Y-axis start later than zero and may only be used ONE time from the zero to the start number 0

29. Conclusion • Paragraph or several paragraphs stating: • whether the data supported the hypothesis or not, the major findings including evidence from your data, include trends present in data, what happened that was unexpected (if any) and possible reasons why. • Also include any recommendations that would improved your experiment • Remember that science is done by humans so what are some human errors? Things you might not have been aware of before the experiment and know now that you would do differently. • Could also include possible things for further study

30. Flip Book- Conclusion

31. Film Canister- Conclusion Procedure: Data Table: Graph: Conclusion: Using the sentence starters provided, complete the conclusion for this experiment.

32. Report out or Redo experiment Scientist review their investigation. They either • make their studies known to the scientific community. • It is subject to peer review. OR • Make revisions to experiment • Retest their revised investigation