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Reducing Infant and Child Mortality in the Majority World

Learn about practical and inexpensive ways to save the lives of children in the majority world. Discover how to prevent deaths of newborns, pneumonia, diarrhea, malaria, and malnutrition.

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Reducing Infant and Child Mortality in the Majority World

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  1. Reducing Infant and Child Mortality in the Majority World Jody Collinge, M.D., FAAP Global CHE Network

  2. Practical, Inexpensive Ways to Save the Lives of Children Source of photos: Wikimedia

  3. Child Mortality—Who is at risk?About 8.8 million children under 5 years of age die each year. About half of these under-five deaths occur in only 5 countries: India, Nigeria, Pakistan, DRC, and China. (UNICEF, 2012) Source: UNICEF, WHO, World Bank, United Nations. 2012.

  4. Why do young children die? • Observations: • Over 40% of deaths occur in newborns. • Pneumonia, diarrhea and malaria are major causes of death (42%) of young children. • Undernutrition is a factor in one third of these deaths. Source: WHO and UNICEF. 2010. Most of these deaths can be prevented!

  5. What can we do to prevent the deaths of children? How can we prevent or treat these problems? • Deaths of newborns • Pneumonia • Diarrhea • Malaria • Poor nutrition

  6. 1. Preventing deaths of newborns • First key: Healthy, well-nourished mothers • Prenatal home care and teaching, such as CHEPS • Skilled health care is needed during pregnancy, childbirth and in the first weeks of life. • Home visits are essential to building the health of the mother and newborn. Stay tuned for more on CHEPS and prenatal care.

  7. To encourage healthy newborns, teach these skills: • Keep the baby warm with skin-to-skin contact after birth. • Exclusive breast feeding • Cord care • Know danger signs and when to get medical care. • Identify newborns that need extra care: such as HIV+ or small for dates infants. • Encourage and care for the mother.

  8. 2. Care of pneumonia Parents learn to recognize pneumonia and know when to get medical care. Signs of pneumonia: • Rapid respiratory rate • Retractions (chest indrawing) Health Education Program for Developing Countries, 2009

  9. Prevention of Pneumonia Source: hepfdc, 2013

  10. Protect children from pneumonia Prevention: • Airborne spread • Immunization • Preventive medicine for HIV+ children Protection against pneumonia • Exclusive breast feeding for 6 months • Good nutrition • Handwashing • Reduce indoor air pollution: • No smoking! • Improved cook stoves with better ventilation

  11. 3. Prevention and care of diarrhea What causes diarrhea? Illustrations are from the excellent health teaching materials of the Health Education Program for Developing Countries, available at http://www.hepfdc.org/

  12. Prevention of diarrhea • Safe drinking water • Hand washing • Good hygiene HEPFDC, 2009 Tippy Tap Tearfund, 2006 VIP Pit Latrine Tearfund, 2006

  13. Safe drinking water CHE Illustration

  14. Safe drinking water: SODIS

  15. Preventing dehydration Treating diarrhea at home: Signs of dehydration: Source: HEPFDC, 2009

  16. 4. Preventing malaria Recognize malaria and treat promptly Wikipedia, 2012 Areas impacted by malaria

  17. Ways to prevent malaria Panama Canal: Malaria from mosquitoes breeding in standing water. Drain, add chemicals, or spray to kill mosquito larvae. Indoor residual spraying—but problems with DDT and resistance World War II poster

  18. Insecticide-treated bed nets Insecticide-treated nets prevent mosquito bites. They also kill adult mosquitoes and help to prevent the spread of malaria. Long-lasting nets are pretreated. They last for 3-4 years and do not need to be retreated with chemicals. Wikipedia

  19. 5. Prevent malnutrition The double epidemic: overnutrition and undernutrition Kwashiorkor— “Displaced child” Protein deficiency Profiles: Normal, overweight, and obese Malnutrition—PEM Marasmus or “wasting away” Source: Wikipedia

  20. Results of undernutrition Results of undernutrition: • High mortality • Lowered defenses: Infection-malnutrition cycle • Problems from lack of vitamins and minerals • Lower energy • Poor learning • Poor job performance

  21. Preventing malnutrition How can malnutrition of children be prevented or treated? • Good nutrition of the mother • Exclusive breast feeding • Balanced meals—less “junk food” and soda • Improved agriculture: Participatory Agricultural Development • Economic development • Treating malnutrition: Ready-to-use therapeutic foods • Vitamin supplements

  22. Health problems from obesity Source: World Health Organization, 2005 and HEPFDC, http://www.hepfdc.org/

  23. What are those three things?

  24. Strategy: Prevent the death of children through community health evangelism

  25. What is CHE? Community Health Evangelism (CHE) is a strategy for transforming lives and communities through the seamless combination of community-based development, evangelism, and discipleship.

  26. Community-based CHE For more information: http://www.chenetwork.org/

  27. Questions for you: • What are you doing to prevent the deaths of infants and young children? • What new ideas have you learned? • How will you apply this?

  28. References Global CHE Network. http://www.chenetwork.org/index.php Health Education Program for Developing Countries. 2009. Available from: http://www.hepfdc.org/ SODIS. 2012. Available from: http://www.sodis.ch/methode/anwendung/index_EN Tearfund. 2006. PILLARS: Encouraging good hygiene and sanitation. Available from: http://tilz.tearfund.org UNICEF. 2008. State of the World’s Children: Child Survival. Available from: http://www.unicef.org/sowc08/docs/sowc08.pdf UNICEF. The big picture. Available from: http://www.unicef.org/health/index_bigpicture.html UNICEF, WHO, World Bank, UN. 2012. Levels and trends in child mortality. Available from: http://www.unicef.org/videoaudio/PDFs/ UNICEF_2012_child_mortality_for_web_0904.pdf

  29. References Wikipedia. 2012. Malaria. Available from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaria Wikipedia. 2012. Malnutrition. Available from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undernutrition World Health Organization. 2012. Children: Reducing mortality. Available from: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs178/en/index.html World Health Organization. 2012. Newborns: Reducing mortality. Available from: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs333/en/index.html WHO and UNICEF. 2010. Countdown to 2015 decade report (2000–2010): taking stock of maternal, newborn and child survival. Available from: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2010/9789241599573_eng.pdf

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