A Note on Music

1. A Note on Music Before each lecture, I will play one or two songs/music videos, which we will be discussing in week 10. Today’s songs were mixed by DJ Pathaan. For more Pathaan and Asian Underground: www.bbc.co.uk/asiannetwork/underground/

2. M.K. Gandhi & Hind Swaraj Week 4, Lecture 1

3. Hi, I’m Vinayak Chaturvedi …and I’m a historian • My office is 463 Krieger Hall • My Office Hours: Wednesday 12:30-2:00 & by appointment • Email: vinayak@uci.edu (Please feel free to stop by for a chat…)

4. Today, we will discuss… • M.K. Gandhi’s background (see pp. lxv-lxvii) • The historical context in which Hind Swaraj was written (xxix-l) • The form or literary genre of HS (l-li) • The definition/s of Hind and Swaraj (lxxvii) • The central argument of HS (lii-lviii) (Please note HS=Hind Swaraj)

5. Before we move on to Gandhi… • Please remember what DOING includes: • Political Participation • Resistance • Public Expression • Ethical Interactions (Julia Reinhard Lupton, “An Introduction to the Humanities Core Course,” Course Guide & Writer’s Handbook, p. 1.) (SophoclesKleistGandhi…)

6. HumanitiesThinking-Making-Doing

7. What do we do with a pen?

8. The writers we will cover… 1. M.K. Gandhi (South Africa): Three Lectures 2. V. D. Savarkar (Great Britain) : Two Lectures 3. Ranchod Vira (India): One Lecture 4. vc (US): One Lecture

9. Two Themes to Consider when reading the authors • Public/Counterpublic Gandhi: “It is not without hesitation that the translation of HS is submitted to the PUBLIC.” (p. 5) • Argument/Counterargument Gandhi: “[Dialogue] is the best method for treating difficult subjects.” (p.6)

10. To help you read HS, consider the following resources: • “Note on the History of the text” (p. lxiii) • Chronology of Gandhi’s life (p. lxv) • Glossary (p. lxxvi-) • Preface to English Translation (p. 5) • Foreward by Gandhi (p. 9) • Appendix—Books Gandhi read (p. 120) • Appendix—Testimonies (pp. 121-) • Supplementary Readings (Optional, of course)

11. A Brief Background • Full Name: Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi • Born in 1869 in Gujarat (Western India) • Privileged Family (caste, class, status) • Religious Family: Hinduism, Jainism • Studies Law • London: 1888-1891 • South Africa: 1893-1914 • India: returns in 1915 • 1947: India & Pakistan become independent • 1948: Gandhi assassinated

12. Hind Swaraj • Written in Gujarati in 1909 while returning to South Africa from England • Originally published in the Indian Opinion (800 subscriptions; ~8000 readers) • Gujarati text banned in India • Original English title Indian Home Rule • Translation of the Gujarati by Gandhi • Gujarati version seized by the British (see page 5, footnote 2)*

13. The Form of HSQ. What do I mean by “form”?A. The shape and structure of an object ; the design, structure, or pattern of work. HS is a dialogue between 2 individuals • Newspaper Editor—Gandhi • Newspaper Reader—Unknown figure or a composite of several individuals (Note: What is the role of newspapers in public life?) (See page 6, footnote 3: P. Mehta, S. Krishnavarma, V.D. Savarkar)

14. Why did Gandhi choose this form? “To make it easy reading, the chapters are written in the form of a dialogue between the reader and the editor.” (p. 11) [Also reference to Bhagavad Gita, but doesn’t refer to any Indian philosophical discourse on dialogue]

15. More on Dialogue… “These views are mine, and yet not mine.” (p. 10) “If the readers…who may see the following chapters will pass their criticism on to me, I shall feel obliged.” (11) “The only motive is to serve my country, to find out the Truth, and to follow it.” (11) (What does Gandhi mean by Truth?)

16. Why has HS been written according to Gandhi? • “My countrymen believe that they should adopt modern civilisation and modern methods of violence to drive out the English. HS has been written to show that they are following a suicidal policy, and that, if they would but revert to their own glorious civilisation, either the English would adopt the latter and become Indianised or find their occupation in India gone.” ( 7)

17. The book was banned! • “To me, the seizure constitutes further condemnation of the civilization represented by the British Government. There is in the book not a trace of approval of violence in any shape or form. The methods of the British Government are, undoubtedly, severely condemned.” (p. 7)*

18. Why do people read banned books? To create a counterpublic… Q. Why is that important? • In order to generate popular support… 1. …against British imperialism 2. …for Indian nationalism (3. …against modern civilization)*

19. A bit about the title Hind=India in this context Hind the root for Hindu and India All of the above derived from Indus River Swaraj (swa=self) + (raj=rule) The root “swa” is translated as “home” by Gandhi The title Hind Swaraj becomes Indian Home Rule

20. More on swaraj A purpose of the book was to clarify the meaning of swaraj (swa=self) + (raj=rule)= self-rule (swa=home) + (raj=rule)=home-rule (swa=self) + (raj=government)=self-government Here is the tricky part: Gandhi adds “improvement” to the understanding of “raj”. Hence, swaraj also means self-improvement!! Indian Self Rule Indian Home Rule Indian Self Government Indian Self-Improvement

21. The Historical Context in which HS was written 1. Modern Civilization 2. Politics of South Africa 3. The Politics of Expatriate Indians 4. The Indian Nationalist Movement **Consider Gandhi’s definition of civilization: “that mode of conduct which points out to man the path of duty.” (p. xix)

22. Intellectual Context • Western Sources • Indian Sources (See page 120 for books recommended by Gandhi)