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Photonic Crystals

Photonic Crystals. Photonic Crystals. From Wikipedia :

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Photonic Crystals

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  1. Photonic Crystals

  2. Photonic Crystals From Wikipedia: “Photonic Crystalsare periodic optical nanostructures that are designed to affect the motion of photons in a similar way that periodicity of a semiconductor crystal affects the motion of electrons. Photonic crystals occur in nature and in various forms have been studied scientifically for the last 100 years”.

  3. Wikipedia Continued • “Photonic crystals are composed of periodic dielectric or metallo-dielectric nanostructures that affect the propagation of electromagnetic waves (EM) in the same way as the periodic potential in a crystal affects the electron motion by defining allowed and forbidden electronic energy bands. Photonic crystals contain regularly repeating internal regions of high and low dielectric constant. Photons (as waves) propagate through this structure - or not - depending on their wavelength. Wavelengths of light that are allowed to travel are known as modes, and groups of allowed modes form bands. Disallowed bands of wavelengths are called photonic band gaps. This gives rise to distinct optical phenomena such as inhibition of spontaneous emission, high-reflecting omni-directional mirrors and low-loss-waveguides, amongst others. • Since the basic physical phenomenon is based on diffraction, the periodicity of the photonic crystal structure has to be of the same length-scale as half the wavelength of the EM waves i.e. ~350 nm (blue) to 700 nm (red) for photonic crystals operating in the visible part of the spectrum - the repeating regions of high and low dielectric constants have to be of this dimension. This makes the fabrication of optical photonic crystals cumbersome and complex.

  4. Photonic Crystals: A New Frontier in Modern Optics MARIAN FLORESCU NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory California Institute of Technology

  5. “ If only were possible to make materials in which electromagnetically waves cannot propagate at certain frequencies, all kinds of almost-magical things would happen” Sir John Maddox, Nature (1990)

  6. Photonic Crystals Photonic crystals: periodic dielectric structures. • interact resonantly with radiation with wavelengths comparable to the periodicity length of the dielectric lattice. • dispersion relation strongly depends on frequency and propagation direction • may present complete band gaps  Photonic Band Gap (PBG) materials. Two Fundamental Optical Principles • Localization of Light S. John, Phys. Rev. Lett. 58,2486 (1987) • Inhibition of Spontaneous Emission E. Yablonovitch, Phys. Rev. Lett. 58 2059 (1987) • Guide and confine light without losses • Novel environment for quantum mechanical light-matter interaction • A rich variety of micro- and nano-photonics devices

  7. Photonic Crystals History 1987: Prediction of photonic crystals S. John, Phys. Rev. Lett. 58,2486 (1987), “Strong localization of photons in certain dielectric superlattices” E. Yablonovitch, Phys. Rev. Lett. 58 2059 (1987), “Inhibited spontaneous emission in solid state physics and electronics” 1990: Computational demonstration of photonic crystal K. M. Ho, C. T Chan, and C. M. Soukoulis, Phys. Rev. Lett. 65, 3152 (1990) 1991: Experimental demonstration of microwave photonic crystals E. Yablonovitch, T. J. Mitter, K. M. Leung, Phys. Rev. Lett. 67, 2295 (1991) 1995: ”Large” scale 2D photonic crystals in Visible U. Gruning, V. Lehman, C.M. Englehardt, Appl. Phys. Lett. 66 (1995) 1998: ”Small” scale photonic crystals in near Visible; “Large” scale inverted opals 1999: First photonic crystal based optical devices (lasers, waveguides)

  8. Photonic Crystals- Semiconductors of Light Photonic Crystals Periodic variation of dielectric constant Length scale ~  Artificial structures Control e.m. wave propagation New frontier in modern optics Semiconductors Periodic array of atoms Atomic length scales Natural structures Control electron flow 1950’s electronic revolution

  9. Natural Photonic Crystals: Structural Colours through Photonic Crystals Natural opals Periodic structure  striking colour effect even in the absence of pigments

  10. Artificial Photonic Crystals Requirement: overlapping of frequency gaps along different directions • High ratio of dielectric indices • Same average optical path in different media • Dielectric networks should be connected Woodpile structure Inverted Opals S. Lin et al., Nature (1998) J. Wijnhoven & W. Vos, Science (1998)

  11. Photonic Crystals: Opportunities • Photonic Crystals • complex dielectric environment that controls the flow of radiation • designer vacuum for the emission and absorption of radiation • Passive devices • dielectric mirrors for antennas • micro-resonators and waveguides • Active devices • low-threshold nonlinear devices • microlasers and amplifiers • efficient thermal sources of light • Integrated optics • controlled miniaturisation • pulse sculpturing

  12. Defect-Mode Photonic Crystal Microlaser Photonic Crystal Cavity formed by a point defect O. Painter et. al., Science (1999)

  13. Photonic Crystals Based Light Bulbs C. Cornelius, J. Dowling, PRA 59, 4736 (1999) “Modification of Planck blackbody radiation by photonic band-gap structures” 3D Complete Photonic Band Gap Suppress blackbody radiation in the infrared and redirect and enhance thermal energy into visible Solid Tungsten Filament 3D Tungsten Photonic Crystal Filament S. Y. Lin et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. (2003) • Light bulb efficiency may raise from 5 percent to 60 percent

  14. Solar Cell Applications • Funneling of thermal radiation of larger wavelength (orange area) to thermal radiation of shorter wavelength (grey area). • Spectral and angular control over the thermal radiation.

  15. Foundations of Future CI Cavity all-optical transistor Photonic crystal all-optical transistor Iin Iout • Fundamental Limitations • switching time • switching intensity = constant • Incoherent character of the switching  dissipated power IH Pump Laser H.M. Gibbs et. al, PRL 36, 1135 (1976) Probe Laser M. Florescu and S. John, PRA 69, 053810 (2004). • Operating Parameters • Holding power: 10-100 nW • Switching power: 50-500 pW • Switching time: < 1 ps • Size: 20 m • Operating Parameters • Holding power: 5 mW • Switching power: 3 µW • Switching time: 1-0.5 ns • Size: 500 m

  16. Single Atom Switching Effect • Photonic Crystals versus Ordinary Vacuum • Positive population inversion • Switching behaviour of the atomic inversion M. Florescu and S. John, PRA 64, 033801 (2001)

  17. T. Yoshie et al. , Nature, 2004. Quantum Optics in Photonic Crystals • Long temporal separation between incident laser photons • Fast frequency variations of the photonic DOS • Band-edge enhancement of the Lamb shift • Vacuum Rabi splitting

  18. Foundations for Future CI:Single Photon Sources • Enabling Linear Optical Quantum Computing and Quantum Cryptography • fully deterministic pumping mechanism • very fast triggering mechanism • accelerated spontaneous emission • PBG architecture design to achieve prescribed DOS at the ion position M. Florescu et al., EPL 69, 945 (2005)

  19. CI Enabled Photonic Crystal Design (I) Photo-resist layer exposed to multiple laser beam interference that produce a periodic intensity pattern 10 m  Four laser beams interfere to form a 3D periodic intensity pattern 3D photonic crystals fabricated using holographic lithography O. Toader, et al., PRL 92, 043905 (2004) M. Campell et al. Nature, 404, 53 (2000)

  20. CI Enabled Photonic Crystal Design (II) O. Toader & S. John, Science (2001)

  21. S. Kennedy et al., Nano Letters (2002) CI Enabled Photonic Crystal Design (III)

  22. Multi-Physics Problem: Photonic Crystal Radiant Energy Transfer Photonic Crystals Optical Properties Rethermalization Processes: Photons Electrons Phonons Transport Properties: Photons Electrons Phonons Metallic (Dielectric) Backbone Electronic Characterization

  23. Summary Photonic Crystals: Photonic analogues of semiconductors that control the flow of light PBG materials: Integrated optical micro-circuits with complete light localization Designer Vacuum: Frequency selective control of spontaneous and thermal emission enables novel active devices Potential to Enable Future CI: Single photon source for LOQC All-optical micro-transistors CI Enabled Photonic Crystal Research and Technology: Photonic “materials by design” Multiphysics and multiscale analysis

  24. Wikipedia Continued • “Photonic crystals are composed of periodic dielectric or metallo-dielectric nanostructures that affect the propagation of electromagnetic waves (EM) in the same way as the periodic potential in a crystal affects the electron motion by defining allowed and forbidden electronic energy bands. Photonic crystals contain regularly repeating internal regions of high and low dielectric constant. Photons (as waves) propagate through this structure - or not - depending on their wavelength. Wavelengths of light that are allowed to travel are known as modes, and groups of allowed modes form bands. Disallowed bands of wavelengths are called photonic band gaps. This gives rise to distinct optical phenomena such as inhibition of spontaneous emission, high-reflecting omni-directional mirrors and low-loss-waveguides, amongst others. • Since the basic physical phenomenon is based on diffraction, the periodicity of the photonic crystal structure has to be of the same length-scale as half the wavelength of the EM waves i.e. ~350 nm (blue) to 700 nm (red) for photonic crystals operating in the visible part of the spectrum - the repeating regions of high and low dielectric constants have to be of this dimension. This makes the fabrication of optical photonic crystals cumbersome and complex.

  25. Photonic Crystals:Periodic Surprises in Electromagnetism Steven G. Johnson MIT

  26. scattering planewave To Begin: A Cartoon in 2d

  27. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • planewave ...but for some l (~ 2a), no light can propagate: a photonic band gap To Begin: A Cartoon in 2d a for most l, beam(s) propagate through crystal without scattering (scattering cancels coherently)

  28. 1887 1987 (need a more complex topology) Photonic Crystals periodic electromagnetic media with photonic band gaps: “optical insulators”

  29. can trap light in cavities and waveguides (“wires”) magical oven mitts for holding and controlling light Photonic Crystals periodic electromagnetic media with photonic band gaps: “optical insulators”

  30. But how can we understand such complex systems? Add up the infinite sum of scattering? Ugh! Photonic Crystals periodic electromagnetic media

  31. + + + + + current: conductivity (measured) mean free path (distance) of electrons A mystery from the 19th century conductive material e– e–

  32. 10’s of periods! + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + current: conductivity (measured) mean free path (distance) of electrons A mystery from the 19th century crystalline conductor (e.g. copper) e– e–

  33. electrons are waves (quantum mechanics) 1 waves in a periodic medium can propagate without scattering: Bloch’s Theorem (1d: Floquet’s) 2 The foundations do not depend on the specificwave equation. A mystery solved…

  34. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • planewave Time to Analyze the Cartoon a for most l, beam(s) propagate through crystal without scattering (scattering cancels coherently) ...but for some l (~ 2a), no light can propagate: a photonic band gap

  35. + constraint eigen-state eigen-operator eigen-value Fun with Math First task: get rid of this mess 0 dielectric function e(x) = n2(x)

  36. + constraint eigen-state eigen-operator eigen-value Hermitian Eigenproblems Hermitian for real (lossless) e well-known properties from linear algebra: w are real (lossless) eigen-states are orthogonal eigen-states are complete (give all solutions)

  37. Periodic Hermitian Eigenproblems [ G. Floquet, “Sur les équations différentielles linéaries à coefficients périodiques,” Ann. École Norm. Sup. 12, 47–88 (1883). ] [ F. Bloch, “Über die quantenmechanik der electronen in kristallgittern,” Z. Physik 52, 555–600 (1928). ] if eigen-operator is periodic, then Bloch-Floquet theorem applies: can choose: planewave periodic “envelope” Corollary 1: k is conserved, i.e.no scattering of Bloch wave Corollary 2: given by finite unit cell, so w are discrete wn(k)

  38. ? range of k? Periodic Hermitian Eigenproblems Corollary 2: given by finite unit cell, so w are discrete wn(k) band diagram (dispersion relation) w3 map of what states exist & can interact w2 w w1 k

  39. Consider k+2π/a: periodic! satisfies same equation as Hk = Hk k is periodic: k + 2π/a equivalent to k “quasi-phase-matching” Periodic Hermitian Eigenproblems in1d e1 e2 e1 e2 e1 e2 e1 e2 e1 e2 e1 e2 e(x) = e(x+a) a

  40. band gap Periodic Hermitian Eigenproblems in1d k is periodic: k + 2π/a equivalent to k “quasi-phase-matching” e1 e2 e1 e2 e1 e2 e1 e2 e1 e2 e1 e2 e(x) = e(x+a) a w k 0 –π/a π/a irreducible Brillouin zone

  41. Any1d Periodic System has a Gap [ Lord Rayleigh, “On the maintenance of vibrations by forces of double frequency, and on the propagation of waves through a medium endowed with a periodic structure,” Philosophical Magazine 24, 145–159 (1887). ] Start with a uniform (1d) medium: e1 w k 0

  42. bands are “folded” by 2π/a equivalence Any1d Periodic System has a Gap [ Lord Rayleigh, “On the maintenance of vibrations by forces of double frequency, and on the propagation of waves through a medium endowed with a periodic structure,” Philosophical Magazine 24, 145–159 (1887). ] Treat it as “artificially” periodic e1 e(x) = e(x+a) a w k 0 –π/a π/a

  43. Any1d Periodic System has a Gap [ Lord Rayleigh, “On the maintenance of vibrations by forces of double frequency, and on the propagation of waves through a medium endowed with a periodic structure,” Philosophical Magazine 24, 145–159 (1887). ] Treat it as “artificially” periodic a e(x) = e(x+a) e1 w 0 π/a x = 0

  44. a e(x) = e(x+a) e1 e2 e1 e2 e1 e2 e1 e2 e1 e2 e1 e2 Any1d Periodic System has a Gap [ Lord Rayleigh, “On the maintenance of vibrations by forces of double frequency, and on the propagation of waves through a medium endowed with a periodic structure,” Philosophical Magazine 24, 145–159 (1887). ] Add a small “real” periodicity e2 = e1 + De w 0 π/a x = 0

  45. a e(x) = e(x+a) e1 e2 e1 e2 e1 e2 e1 e2 e1 e2 e1 e2 Any1d Periodic System has a Gap [ Lord Rayleigh, “On the maintenance of vibrations by forces of double frequency, and on the propagation of waves through a medium endowed with a periodic structure,” Philosophical Magazine 24, 145–159 (1887). ] Splitting of degeneracy: state concentrated in higher index (e2) has lower frequency Add a small “real” periodicity e2 = e1 + De w band gap 0 π/a x = 0

  46. Some 2d and 3d systems have gaps • In general, eigen-frequencies satisfy Variational Theorem: “kinetic” inverse “potential” bands “want” to be in high-e …but are forced out by orthogonality –> band gap (maybe)

  47. algebraic interlude algebraic interlude completed… … I hope you were taking notes* [ *if not, see e.g.: Joannopoulos, Meade, and Winn, Photonic Crystals: Molding the Flow of Light ]

  48. a 2d periodicity, e=12:1 frequencyw(2πc/a) = a / l irreducible Brillouin zone G G X M M E gap for n > ~1.75:1 TM X G H

  49. Ez – + 2d periodicity, e=12:1 Ez (+ 90° rotated version) G G X M E gap for n > ~1.75:1 TM H

  50. a 2d periodicity, e=12:1 frequencyw(2πc/a) = a / l irreducible Brillouin zone G G X M M E E TM TE X G H H

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