Urban sector

1. Urban sector • By Beatrice Boyer • LRRD Project • April 2006

2. Linking relief rehabilitation development in the urban sector • I - The evolution of aid: from emergency to development • II - The Urban population • III - Boundaries of “urban territories” under question • IV - Responsibilities on “urban territories” under question • V - Urban stakeholders: & Centralized governance system • VI - Main urban issues : national level • VII - Main urban issues : local level • VIII - Emergence of some pilot programmes after 2003 • IX - Objectives of the Compact 2006 : • X - Somes issues for discussion

3. MDG I - The evolution of aid :from emergency to development 1979 1992 1996 2001 1975 1985 1990 1995 2002 2003 2005 2006 2010 2015 2020 HSF CDCs Institutional community capcity building Shelters-water-san- graveling road UN-Habitat Integrated progammes Sanitation-drainage-latrine-garbage water supply ICRC Rural & urban Water supply CARE Intern° Micro-finance-facilitating exchange Tajikistan 1996 Earthquake Facilities partners Shelters-wat-san Rural area water sup ACTED Shelters-IDPs-new settlements Rural & urban area Water supply Shelter programmes German Agro Action Solidarités Rural 90 % & urban Water supply 10% Engineering and facilitating partners Funds for Earthquake Funds for emergency Compact 2006 Funds for development Donors

4. II- The urban population No updated censusDifferent scale of cities -Different type of governance- Different level of national strategy and intenrn° aid Kabul and the majors cities have increase their population from 3 to 5 times 50% of the country’s total urban population live in Kabul 50 à 70 % of the urban population live in informal areas Unknown criteria to count the inhabitants Kabul Herat - Kandahar Mazar-e-Sharif Jalalabad Kundunz Other cities 3,4 millions to 4,5 millions (in 1975= 750 000 IHbts) 500 000 to 1 500 000 No urban policy for small cities for Kabul and the 5 major cities National Urban Development Strategy and priorities A census would be realized in 2007 according to UNAMA

5. III- Boundaries of “ urban territories” under questionwith the increase of urban population: IDPs-returnees-refugees and rural-urban movements Ruralareas 2001-2006 Ruralareas 1979-1989 Master Plan Kabul1978 = 33 Ha Iran- foreign countries other AfghanProvinces Pakistan- other AfghanProvinces Illegal settlements Ruralareas Kabul 2006 = 95 000 Ha Informal settlements 1996-1999 Ruralareas 2006-2010

6. Administrative responsibilities limited on Municipality territory lack of responsibilities on informal settlements IV - Responsibilities on “ urban territories” under question MOF MoI KM New Private town GOVERNORMRRD AMLAK AGCHO COURT Administrativ territory under MUNICIPALITIES with Master Plan 1970-1978 New town for IDPS-Refugees Informal settlements Rural areas MoRR MUDH MoF MoT CAWSS MPW MPoW Old Center Informal settlements Illegal settlements MUDH; Depart of Safeuarding‘s heritage MoIC-Inform. & Culture MoFa -Foreign Affairs UNESCO-AKTC Informal extension

7. INSTITUTIONAL LEVELS V - Urban stakeholders & Centralized governance system INTERNATION° AID PRIVATE DONORS & ADVISORS& UN-Agencies UN-Habitat UNANMA UNOPS Urban Policy & Planning level since 1970 MoF National Ministries & Technical Agencies MRRD MORR MOT MOI MUDH Private financial funds AGCHO CSO COURTS MT CAWSS MoPW GOVERNORS Provincial government MAYORS MAYORS Médium cities villages KM New city programmes Kandahar -Herat Mazar-e Sharif Jalalabad_ Kundunz Municipality level New private town programmes MAYOR KABUL Bamyan INGOs, NGOsUN-Habitat Local Govern Offices MUDH CAWSS MoPW MUDH Private construction compagny Urban implementation programmes level Shuras & New Communities Trade owners Individual householdowners & Urban communities Policy level since 2005 Inhabitants Urban populations

8. VI- Main urban issues: national level • Limited capacity in terms of financial absorption • limited technical and managerial skills • The need for strengthening institutional capacities • Need to provide new lands for extension and creation of new cities IDPs, refugees, returnees, new city/private town • Safeguarding Heritage’s building and urban areas Policy for the city’s Center • Prepare the end of financial and international assistance flow: Independent economic way – Public financial system; Training in management, monitoring

9. VII- Main urban issues : local level • Security on land tenure (underground “war” over land control): solving right issues and reducing illegal situations in order to facilitate urban and economic development. • Inadequate services (water, sanitation,drainage, garbage collection): improving living conditions on the short and long term (pollution & health problems) • Weaknesses of Municipality and local government: • Expanding local institutional responsibilities • Reinforcing institutions and economic capacities :

10. VIII - Emergence of some pilot programmes Objective : solving different urban issues through pilot programmes aimed at becoming nationwide programmes • Land Tenure security & economic issues : mechanisms to regularized land registration “LTERA Project : Land Titling and Economic Registration in Afghanistan” • developed by EMG Emerging Markets Group, support by USAID, • with Municipality, MUDH, AGCHO, AMLAK, judicial system& Community • Access to essential urban services : Urban Upgrading Programmes UN-habitat • CDC in Kabul with Municipality, MUDH& Communities • NSP developed by UN Habitat and INGOs Urban Security Issue : • HSP Human Security Trust Fund . link with MDG 2020. MUDH, Municipality. • C-DAMP: “Community - Based Disaster Awareness and Mitigation” (flooding, earthquake, drought) started in 2005 in Bamyan. • C-SEP: “Civil Society Empowerment Program” started in 2006 • Set up operation management system of urban drinking water supply developed by German Agro Action in NE, support by KFW,WB • ICRC • With Municipality, Ministry of Economic Affairs, MUDH, CAWSS

11. IX- Objectives of the Compact 2006 :A coherent development programme after 5 years of negotiation The urban component within the Compact 2006 takes into account the multi-dimensional approach of a coherent urban development. • GOVERNANCE, RULE OF LAW AND HUMAN RIGHTS • The Census and Statistics • Land Registration • ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT & INFRASTRUCTURE AND NATURAL RESOURCES • Roads and Air Transport • Energy and Water Resource Management • Urban Development • Environment • SOCIAL PROTECTION • Refugees and IDPs • ECONOMIC GOVERNANCE AND PRIVATE SECTOR Domestic Revenues • Private Sector Development and Trade

12. X- Somes issues for discussion • Urban dynamics and sustainable Development System • Flexibility in Urban decision-making • Development of multiple Urban Tools for a multi-sector Urban System. • Coordination at different layers. • Development of a Communication system • Top-down and bottom-up between Central Government & Municipalities and Local Offices • Cross-cutting at the Provinces or Municipalities level • Development Information at all levels. • Opportunity for decentralizing international aid ? • in financial terms, skills and experiences sharing • between Foreign Municipalities to Afghan Municipalities, Water and Power authorities to CAWSS and …, between trade organizations • Increasing skills in technical, planning and city management • Fast integration within Institutional Afghan structures for students : MUDH, AGCHO, KM …in planning sector, social and technical Urban sector structures • International exchanges for Afghan students : • At different levels: foreign Technical Consulting Firms, Town Planning Offices, Urban Management Structures.