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Relative sizes of planets, Main Sequence stars, and Giant stars

Relative sizes of planets, Main Sequence stars, and Giant stars. M6V G2V A1V. A1V K0III K1.5III K5III. K5III B8Iab M1.51ab M2Iab. M2Iab M2Ia M2Iab M5eIa. Clicker Question #1.

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Relative sizes of planets, Main Sequence stars, and Giant stars

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  1. Relative sizes of planets, Main Sequence stars, and Giant stars M6V G2V A1V A1V K0III K1.5III K5III K5III B8Iab M1.51ab M2Iab M2Iab M2Ia M2Iab M5eIa

  2. Clicker Question #1 What is your best guess-timate of the number of civilizations (of all descriptions) currently in our galaxy? (Since all choices are of equal point-value, please select the one that is closest to your guess-timate.) (A)1(B)10’s (C)100’s (D)1000’s(E)>10,000

  3. Clicker Question #2 What is your best guess-timate of the number of civilizations currently in our galaxy that are both technologically capable and intellectually interested in communicating? (Since all choices are of equal point-value, please select the one that is closest to your guess-timate.) (A)1(B)10’s(C)100’s (D)1000’s(E)>10,000

  4. Clicker Question #3 The base of the phylogenetic tree of life on Earth is rooted in what kind of organisms? (A)Multi-cellular bacteria (B)Single-cell, high-temperature loving organisms (C)Organisms that first originated ~543 million years ago (D)Choices ‘A’ and ‘C’ (E)None of the previous choices

  5. Clicker Question #4 How interested are you in pursuing a career in a field related to science, mathematics, engineering, or technology? (Since all choices are of equal point-value, please select the one that best describes you.) (A)Definitelynot interested (B)Probably not interested (C)May be interested (D)Probably interested (E)Definitely interested

  6. Clicker Question #5 How interested are you in taking an elective course in a field related to science, mathematics, engineering, or technology? (Since all choices are of equal point-value, please select the one that best describes you.) (A)Definitelynot interested (B)Probably not interested (C)May be interested (D)Probably interested (E)Definitely interested

  7. Clicker Question #6 According to Tarter et al. (2007), the habitable zone around M dwarf stars may contain planets suitable for life. Planets within the habitable zone of M dwarf stars would likely be tidally locked. (A) True (B) False

  8. Clicker Question #7 According to Tarter et al. (2007), the spectral classification scheme used by astronomers has the letters OBAFGKML, and is subdivided by the digits 0 - 9. In that scheme, a G2 star has a surface temperature that is lower than a K8 star. (A) True (B) False

  9. Clicker Question #8 According to Tarter et al. (2007), the spectral classification scheme used by astronomers has the letters OBAFGKML. The lifespan of stars increases from O-type stars (short lived) to M- and L-type stars (long lived). (A) True (B) False

  10. Clicker Question #9 According to Tarter et al. (2007), the habitable zone can be defined as the region around a star where a planet with an atmosphere can have liquid water on its surface. (A) True (B) False

  11. Clicker Question #10 According to Tarter et al. (2007), water (H2O) and carbon (C) compounds, which are essential for all life on Earth, are known to be common in the Universe. (A) True (B) False

  12. Clicker Question #11 According to Tarter et al. (2007), a tidally locked planet orbiting a M dwarf star in the HZ would be likely to lose its atmosphere either by freezing it out on the planet’s cold, dark side and/or having it blasted away into space on the planet’s hot, bright side. (A) True (B) False

  13. Clicker Question #12 According to Tarter et al. (2007), the large abundance of M dwarf stars has allowed them to be among the best understood type of stars in the galaxy because of the large quantity of data that have been collected by astronomers. (A) True (B) False

  14. Earth The pale blue dot of Earth as seen from NASA’s Cassini orbiter at Saturn

  15. Clicker Question #13 In the article by Smith (2011) entitled ‘Alone in the Universe’, the author defines the word “alone” in the following way: (A) No sentient civilizations within ~50 light-years distance of us (B) No sentient civilizations within the galaxy (C) No sentient civilizations within the local cluster of galaxies (D) No sentient civilizations anywhere in the Universe (E) None of the previous choices

  16. Clicker Question #14 In the article by Smith (2011) entitled ‘Alone in the Universe’, the author limits the number of stars for the Drake equation to be only 30 million, instead of the ~400 billion stars in the galaxy. What’s that number? (A) Number of stars estimated to have planets in the galaxy (B) Number of suitable G, K, M-type stars in the galaxy (C) Number of stars within communication-range of 100 human generations (at speed of light) (D) Number of stars currently being observed by Kepler (E) None of the previous choices

  17. Clicker Question #15 In the article by Smith (2011) entitled ‘Alone in the Universe’, the author states that the famous astronomer, Dr. Frank Drake, currently guess-timates that there is ~1 planet with an advanced civilization per 10 million stars. (A) True (B) False

  18. Clicker Question #16 In the article by Smith (2011) entitled ‘Alone in the Universe’, the author states that our Moon performs an important function for making Earth a more habitable planet. What is that function? (A) Ocean tides distribute nutrients globally (B) Stabilizes tilt of Earth’s rotation axis (C) Captures asteroids before they hit the Earth (D) Blocks the Earth from harmful solar radiation (E) None of the previous choices

  19. Clicker Question #17 In the article by Smith (2011) entitled ‘Alone in the Universe’, the author states that a habitable planet probably needs to be have a minimum mass of ~0.4 Earth’s mass in order for it to … (A) … gravitationally hold an atmosphere (B) … to have a strong enough magnetic field (C) … to have land and oceans (D) … to have liquid water (E) (None of the previous choices)

  20. Clicker Question #18 In the article by Smith (2011) entitled ‘Alone in the Universe’, the author states that the one piece of exciting news from the search for Earth-sized exoplanets is that most exoplanets have nearly circular orbits, instead of highly elliptical ones. (A) True (B) False

  21. The DRAKE Equation for estimating the number of communicating civilizations (Nc) in our galaxy now Nc = ns * fp * ne * fl * fi * fc * L ns = number of stars in galaxy fp = fraction of stars with  1 planet ne = number of Earth-like planets per system fl = fraction where life develops fi = fraction where intelligence develops fc = fraction that develops technologically L = lifespan of civilization / age of galaxy

  22. Clicker question #19 What would you guess-timate as being a plausible value for … ne = number of Earth-like planets per system? (A) 1.0 (B) 0.5 (C) 0.1 (D) 0.05 (E) 0.01

  23. Clicker question #20 What would you guess-timate as being a plausible value for … fl = fraction where life develops? (A) 1 (B) 1/2 (C) 1/4 (D) 1/10 (E) 1/20

  24. Clicker question #21 What would you guess-timate as being a plausible value for … fi = fraction where intelligence develops ? (A) 1 (B) 1/2 (C) 1/5 (D) 1/20 (E) 1/100

  25. Clicker question #22 What would you guess-timate as being a plausible value for … fc = fraction that develops technologically ? (A) 1 (B) 1/2 (C) 1/5 (D) 1/10 (E) 1/20

  26. Clicker question #23 What would you guess-timate as being a plausible value for … L = lifespan of civilization / age of galaxy? (A) 100 years (B) 500 years (C) 2,000 years (D) 50,000 years (E) 150,000 years

  27. Habitable zones around different spectral groups of stars

  28. Clicker Question #24 During the 4.56 billion history of our solar system, the Sun’s habitable zone has … (A)narrowed and moved farther from the Sun (B)narrowed and moved closer to the Sun (C)widened and moved closer to the Sun (D)widened and moved farther from the Sun (E)None of the previous choices

  29. Clicker Question #25 What factor(s) affect(s) whether a planet is within the Habitable (‘Goldilocks’) Zone? (A)Orbital distance from star (B)Changes in a star’s luminosity over time (C)Changes in a planet’s atmospheric composition over time (D)Changes in the strength of a planet’s magnetic field over time (E)All of the previous choices

  30. Clicker Question #26 A star’s habitable zone is defined as the range of distances from the star where … (A)planets with life have been detected (B)rocky planets can form (C)organic molecules can be stable on the surface of a suitable planet (D)liquid water can be stable on the surface of a suitable planet (E)Choices ‘B’ and ‘C’

  31. Clicker Question #27 1. If our solar system had a planet orbiting at a distance of 3.19 astronomical units (AU), use Kepler’s 3rd Law to estimate the orbital period (in years) of that hypothetical planet. Note that 1 AU = 1.496 x 1011 meters and the mass of the Sun = 1.989 x 1030 kg. (A)3.1 years; (B)5.7 years; (C)7.2 years; (D)8.8 years; (E)9.6 years

  32. Clicker Question #28 2. Astronomers have detected a planet orbiting another star (i.e., exoplanet). The exoplanet has an orbital period of 5,370 Earth-days. The mass of the star is estimated to be 91.5% of the Sun’s mass. Using Kepler’s 3rd Law, estimate the semi-major axis of that exoplanet’s orbit (AU). (A)5.8 AU; (B)8.3 AU; (C)11.6 AU; (D)17.2 AU; (E)26.1 AU

  33. Clicker Question #29 3. Using Kepler’s 3rd Law, determine the orbital period (hours) of a satellite orbiting the Earth when the semi-major axis, a, of that satellite’s orbit is 4.223 x 107 meters. The Earth’s mass is 5.974 x 1024 kg. (A)2.35 hours; (B)5.97 hours; (C)24.0 hours; (D) 53.2 hours; (E)86.4 hours

  34. TGEO 110: Numerical assignment #2 Distance from our solar system ~ 2000 light years Age of this system ~ 8 x 109 years Mass of star ~ 1.89 x 1030 kilograms Radius of star ~ 7.70 x 108 meters Luminosity of star ~ 3.21 x 1026 watts Mass of planet ~ 1.38 x 1025 kilograms Radius of planet ~ 1.66 x 107 meters Albedo, A, of the planet = 0.71 Semi-major axis of planet’s orbit ~ 3.74 x 1010 meters Eccentricity of the exoplanet’s orbit = 0.57

  35. TGEO 110: Numerical assignment #2 Clicker Question #30 What is the orbital period of this exoplanet? (select best value from those listed below) (A) 50 days ~ 4.3 x 106 seconds (B) 65 days ~ 5.6 x 106 seconds (C) 87 days ~ 7.5 x 106 seconds (D) 93 days ~ 8.0 x 106 seconds (E) 112 days ~ 9.7 x 106 seconds

  36. TGEO 110: Numerical assignment #2 Clicker Question #31 What is the density of this exoplanet? (select best value from those listed below) (A) 720 kg/m3 (B) 860 kg/m3 (C) 910 kg/m3 (D) 1720 kg/m3 (E) 4770 kg/m3

  37. TGEO 110: Numerical assignment #2 Clicker Question #32 What is the minimum temperature of this exoplanet at its closest approach to its star? (select best value from those listed below) (A) 243 K (B) 338 K (C) 397 K (D) 582 K (E) 676 K

  38. TGEO 110: Numerical assignment #2 Clicker Question #33 What is the minimum temperature of this exoplanet at its furthest distance from its star? (select best value from those listed below) (A) 243 K (B) 316 K (C) 357 K (D) 431 K (E) 476 K

  39. TGEO 110: Numerical assignment #2 Clicker Question #34 With an eccentricity of 0.57 and a semi-major-axis of 3.74 x 1010 meters, what is the semi-minor axis of this exoplanet’s orbit? (select best value from those listed below) (A) 2.32 x 1010 meters (B) 2.57 x 1010 meters (C) 2.86 x 1010 meters (D) 3.11 x 1010 meters (E) 3.42 x 1010 meters

  40. TGEO 110: Numerical assignment #2 Clicker Question #35 What is the distance between the exoplanet and its star at the periastron? (select best value from those listed below) (A) 1.13 x 1010 meters (B) 1.57 x 1010 meters (C) 1.86 x 1010 meters (D) 2.17 x 1010 meters (E) 2.72 x 1010 meters

  41. TGEO 110: Numerical assignment #2 Clicker Question #36 What is the distance between the exoplanet and its star at the apastron? (select best value from those listed below) (A) 3.83 x 1010 meters (B) 4.27 x 1010 meters (C) 4.86 x 1010 meters (D) 5.69 x 1010 meters (E) 6.32 x 1010 meters

  42. TGEO 110: Numerical assignment #2 Clicker Question #37 The exoplanet is in tidal lock with its star. (select best value from those listed below) (A) True (B) False (C) Maybe, since tlock ~ age of system

  43. TGEO 110: Numerical assignment #2 Clicker Question #38 What is the orbital speed of the exoplanet at the apastron? (select best value from those listed below) (A) 29 kilometers/sec (B) 35 kilometers/sec (C) 47 kilometers/sec (D) 61 kilometers/sec (E) I don’t know

  44. TGEO 110: Numerical assignment #2 Clicker Question #39 What is the orbital speed of the exoplanet at the periastron? (select best value from those listed below) (A) 70 kilometers/sec (B) 85 kilometers/sec (C) 94 kilometers/sec (D) 113 kilometers/sec (E) I don’t know

  45. e = 0.57 a = 3.74 x 1010 meters = 0.251 AU b = 3.08 x 1010 meters = 0.207 AU f = 2.13 x 1010 meters periastron = a – f = 1.61 x 1010 meters = 0.108 AU apastron = a + f = 5.87 x 1010 meters = 0.394 AU b a a-f f

  46. Density of exoplanet = 719 kg/m3 Orbital period = 46.9 days Minimum temperature at periastron = 596 K Minimum temperature at apastron = 312 K b a a-f f

  47. e b c g? d f Gliese 581 system Location of exoplanet in Numerical Assignment #2 at its periastron (0.108 AU) and apastron (0.304 AU)

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