The Whole Earth Course

1. The Whole Earth Course Chapter 8 Hydrosphere 1 The Hydrologic Cycle Instructor: Dr. George A. Maul gmaul@fit.edu / X 7453 Solid, Liquid, Vapor The Earth System

2. What is the title of your textbook? WHY?

3. z (up) y (north) x (east) Terms used in Earth System Science (focus on the Hydrosphere)

4. Outline of the Class • Water and the Hydrologic Cycle • Streams and their Channels • Stream Loads • Floods • Water in the Ground • Lakes • Who cares?

5. Water is a Unique Molecule And ice floats! Surface tension Dihedral angle = 105º Transparent to visible light High specific heat

6. Deposition Of what significance is this addition or loss of heat during evaporation and condensation? How much heat is 2260 Joules? Amount of heat added to or released from one gram of water during a change of state.

7. IN CLASS CALCULATION: How much heat is 2260 Joules? How much would it raise temperature? Heat (H) = mass (m) ∙ specific heat (Cp) ∙ Temperature change (∆T) H= m ∙ Cp ∙ ∆T Let m = 1 kilogram; Cp = 4186 ∆T = ? ΔT = 2260 ÷ (1 x 4186) = Units? = K

8. The Hydrologic Cycle How much water is in the hydrologic cycle?

9. Inventory of water at Earth’s surface

10. RESIDENCE TIMES Volume of water in atmosphere 0.013 x 106 km3 Fate of rain over land Volume of water in ocean 1350 x 106 km3 Evaporation over land = 0.062 x 106 km3/yr Evaporation over ocean = 0.361 x 106 km3/yr Precipitation over land = 0.099 x 106 km3/yr Precipitation over ocean = 0.324 x 106 km3/yr Runoff from land to ocean = 0.037 x 106 km3/yr

11. IN CLASS CALCULATION: E-evaporation, P-precipitation, R-runoff Units? Ocean: Does E-(P+R) Balance? residence time (Ocean): t=volume/E= residence time (Atmosphere): t=volume/(Pocean + Pland)= 0.324+0.037 = 1350 ÷ 0.361 = 0.013 ÷ (0.324+0.099) =

12. What river has the largest flow on Earth? The Amazon River has the largest river flow: 6300 km3/year

13. Note the difference in the color of the Rio Negro and Amazon Rivers. Look at the accumulation of sediment around Manaus.

14. 6300 km3/year The Florida Current flow is 25x106m3/s Which flow is greater, the Amazon or the Florida Current? Amazon Delta

15. Volume Transport of All Rivers Σall rivers = 3.6x1016 liters/year Florida Current – profile view Florida Current – plan view So is 3.6x1016 liters/year more than the Florida Current?

16. What river in Florida has the largest discharge volume? Apalachicola River discharges: 700 m3/sec 2.2 x 1010 m3/yr 22 km3/yr How much is that? Can we put that into perspective?

17. IN CLASS CALCULATION: Does the Apalachicola River provide enough water for humankind to drink? • Say each person needs 3 liters / day • Say population = 7x109humans • Say Apalachicola discharge = 2.2x1010 m3 / year 2.2x1010x103 ÷ (7x109x3x365) = Units?

18. The force of moving water over the surface of the earth is evident all around us!

19. Effects of melting snow and ice are seen in both erosional and depositional features like these? Can you name any of these features? Look through all the figures in Chapter 8 and note the modification to the Earth’s surface by flowing water!!

20. ALLUVIAL FANS

21. Grand Canyon of the Colorado River The major landforms of an alluvial valley.

22. Alluvial terraces adjacent to Cave Stream, New Zealand, record former flood plains that were abandoned when the stream incised its channel and reached a new level.

23. Drainage How much is this?? The drainage basin of the Mississippi River encompasses a major portion of the central United States.

24. Ancient river banks

26. The Mississippi River has built a series of overlapping subdeltas as it continually dumps sediment into the Gulf of Mexico.

27. Satellite Imagery of the Classical Birdsfoot Delta at the mouth of the Mississippi River Mississippi River entering Gulf of Mexico - Note the color contrast. (Picture courtesy of Dr. John Trefry)

28. Where is the Yellow River? Why is the Yellow River called the Yellow River?

29. Nile River Sediments False color Image Denial is not a river in Egypt Photograph

30. Aswan Dam Changes in sediment composition along the Nile River.

31. IN CLASS CALCULATION: What is the concentration of sediment (kilograms per cubic meter) discharged by the Nile River per second? Load (L) = Concentration (C) ∙ Discharge (D) C = L / D C = 57,000x103 ÷ 91x109 Units? =

32. Confluence of Mississippi and Missouri Rivers near St. Louis, MO, July 1993 Confluence of Mississippi and Missouri Rivers near St. Louis, MO, July 1988 Flood

33. Reclaiming the Upper St. Johns River Marsh St. Johns River Water Manage-ment District 2007 1972 1900 By the early 1970’s, 80% of the river’s floodplain had been removed for agricultural development.

34. “Nature does nothing uselessly” - Aristotle Kissimmee River Restoration

35. Aquifers and Wells

36. Agricultural use of GroundwaterMohave River valley, Californiahttp://eol.jsc.nasa.gov/scripts/sseop/photo.pl?mission=ISS005&roll=E&frame=5714

37. Can man impact the movement of water on Earth’s surface? Sinkhole in Winter Park, FL. Artesian Well Is this Karst Topography?

38. Groundwater and Springs

39. Lakes – The Aral Sea

40. Artificial Lakes Lake Nasser What is the impact of the Aswan Dam on sediment discharge from the Nile River?

41. Regions of Water Stress What is the effect on the Anthroposphere?

42. Summary • Liquid water makes Earth unique in the solar system • Stream Discharge – force of gravity • Stream Load – suspended and dissolved • Groundwater – water table, porosity, permeability, springs, aquifers, wells • E-[P+R]

43. NEXT TIME THE CRYOSPHERE: THE WORLD OF SNOW AND ICE