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SO 2 Emissions

SO 2 Emissions. Kristin Burford 23/April/01 ME 449A: Sustainable Air Quality. Table of Contents. Purpose and Methods EPA Emission Preparation Major Sources of SO 2 Coal Combustion Oil Combustion Gas Combustion Petroleum Refining Non-Road Diesel. Purpose and Methods.

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SO 2 Emissions

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  1. SO2 Emissions Kristin Burford 23/April/01 ME 449A: Sustainable Air Quality

  2. Table of Contents • Purpose and Methods • EPA Emission Preparation • Major Sources of SO2 • Coal Combustion • Oil Combustion • Gas Combustion • Petroleum Refining • Non-Road Diesel

  3. Purpose and Methods • Determine how the SO2 emissions were calculated by the EPA • Find out general emission calculation information • Determine major sources of SO2 according to 1996 Trends Data (Link to Trends) • Explore the specific factors which influence the the SO2 emissions for the major sources

  4. EPA Emission Preparation • How are emissions determined? • Two factors: source information and emission factors General Equation: Emission = Emission Factor*Quality of Consumed Fuel • emission factors found in AP42 (link to AP42) • qualities of consumed fuel include amount of fuel, energy produced, % of precursor element in the fuel • In this study, the focus is on emission factors and how they are calculated • EPA rates the emission factors from A (best) to E according to how well the calculated emission correlates with the actual emission

  5. Major Sources of SO2

  6. Coal Combustion • About 60-70% of SO2 Emissions • Coal Rank: • anthracite - more C, less volatile, rare • bituminous - less C & more volatile than anthracite, most common • sub-bituminous - lower S, more volatile & moisture than bituminous • Uncontrolled emission factors (lbs SO2/ton coal): • 38*%S - bituminous Rating: A • 35*%S - sub-bituminous Rating: A • 39*%S - anthracite Rating: B • Have shown good correlation between calculated and actual emissions

  7. Oil Combustion • About 10-20% of total SO2 emissions • Uncontrolled emission factor (lbs SO2/103 gal): 0.98(MWSO2/MWS)(%S/100)x oil density x 1000 (oil gallons) Rating: A • Variables: • 98% conversion assumed • %S • oil density • assumed 7 for distillate and 8 for residual • actual range 6.97- 7.03 (distillate) 7.95-8.17 (residual)

  8. Gas Combustion • 5-10% of total SO2 emissions • Uncontrolled emission factor: (S grains/100 ft3)(lb/7000 grains)(ft3/1000 gal)(2 lb SO2/lb S) = 0.6 lbs SO2/106 std. ft3 (scft) gas Rating: A • Assumes 100% conversion of fuel S to SO2 and 2000 grains of S/106 scft. • Can convert emission factor to energy units using the average heating value of the gas (good approximation?) • Actual emissions not measured • Conservative, assume all S --> SO2

  9. Petroleum Refining • No background documentation for emission factors • Includes conversion of crude oil to over 2500 different products • Multiple Processes • Separation • Conversion • Treating • Feedstock and product handling • Auxiliary processes • The emission factors presented in the AP42 have large ranges, probably depending on the purity of the product

  10. Non-Road Diesel • Not included in AP-42 online • Emissions based on : travel & rate of emission • SO2 based on 0.25% S in fuel (can be adjusted)

  11. The End Questions? Comments? Suggestions?

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