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The Atom

The Atom. An Atom … is the smallest particle into which an element can be divided and still be the same substance. Subatomic Particles. The Atom. The Adam. “ELECTRON CLOUDS”. Electrons are likely found in clouds that surround the nucleus of an atom.

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The Atom

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  1. The Atom

  2. An Atom …is the smallest particle into which an element can be divided and still be the same substance.

  3. Subatomic Particles

  4. The Atom The Adam

  5. “ELECTRON CLOUDS” • Electrons are likely found in clouds that surround the nucleus of an atom. • specific distances away from nucleus • organized into shells

  6. Atomic Number- the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom. It is the same for all atoms of an element Atomic Mass- (AMU) – A unit of mass that describes the mass of an atom or molecule Atomic Symbol- a standard chemical abbreviation used to show a specific element. Mass Number - sum of the protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom

  7. Origins of Some Atomic Symbols

  8. + Protons have _______ charge Electrons have ________ charge If an atom contains the same number of protons as electrons what will be the net/overall charge of the atom? - # of protons = # of electrons Atoms will have a net charge of zero (neutral).

  9. The math… Protons= Atomic Number Electrons= Number of Protons = Atomic Number Neutrons= Mass Number – Atomic Number Mass Number = Atomic Weight rounded to the nearest whole number

  10. Calculate the numbers of protons, electrons, and neutrons for the following atoms: 29 Cu Copper 63.5 12 Mg Magnesium 24.3 14 Si Silicon 28.1 14, 14. 14 35N, 29P, 29 E 12, 12. 12

  11. FORCES IN THE ATOM

  12. Why do the particles of atoms stay in place? Electromagnetic Force Protons are positive and electrons are negative. This means they are attracted to each other and is what keeps the electrons in orbit.

  13. But what holds protons together? Proton (+) and Proton (+) YIKES! TWO POSITIVE CHARGES WILL REPEL EACH OTHER CAUSING THEM TO FLY APART!!

  14. The STRONG force! • The Strong Force is more powerful than the electromagnetic force that repels the protons. • BUT…it has a VERY short range (like 10-13 cm ….smaller than the nucleus of an atom!!) Acts among all the protons and neutrons in the nucleus, binding them together!

  15. Different Types of Atoms

  16. What happens if the number of protons and electrons is not equal? Atoms can lose or gain electrons! Ion- If the number of protons and electrons in an atom are not equal Negative charge ion- has more electrons (electrons have negative charge) Positive charge ion- if has more protons (protons have positive charge) What is an ION?

  17. Positive Ion Negative Ion

  18. Isotopes Isotope- Atoms that have the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons. Properties of Isotopes • Atoms that are isotopes of each other are still the same element • Will have a different mass • Share most of the same chemical and physical properties • Behave the same way in chemical changes • Some are radioactive/unstable Example of Carbon Isotopes

  19. ENERGY LEVELS

  20. Electron cloud has different energy levelsEnergy levels- orbits/paths the electrons follow. Closer to nucleus - electrons have lower energy Farther from nucleus – electrons have higher energy IN THE ELECTRON CLOUD

  21. Valance electrons The electrons in outer energy level of an atom

  22. The Electron Cloud • Each energy level has a maximum # of electrons it can hold. The 2,8,8 rule! Nucleus 2 8 8

  23. Some Examples: SODIUM NEON NITROGEN Ne 2 8 N 2 5 Na 2 8 1

  24. You Draw It: • Oxygen (8) • Hydrogen (1) • Aluminum (13) • Sulfur (16) ( ) = Atomic Number

  25. Answers: O 2 6 H 1 Al 2 8 3 S 2 8 6

  26. Bohr Model NielsBohr proposed the Bohr Model of the Atom in 1915. • Electrons circle the nucleus in fixed orbits, arranged in successive shells around the nucleus. • Electrons can jump from one level to another.

  27. Atoms want to have their energy levels filled to capacity with electrons, and they will give up or take electrons from other atoms in order to do so. This is what happens during a chemical reaction!!! CHEMICAL REACTIONS

  28. CHECK POINT QUIZ The number of protons equals the Number of neutrons Atomic weight Number of electrons

  29. The number of protons equals the Number of neutrons Atomic weight Number of electrons

  30. Ions occur when atoms gain or lose electrons. TRUE FALSE

  31. Isotopes are atoms with A. The same number of protons, but different number of neutrons B. The same number of protons, but different number of electrons C. The same number of neutrons, but different number of electrons

  32. Which force helps keep the protons and neutrons together in the nucleus? • Electromagnetic force • Gravitational force • Strong force • Weak force

  33. Which force is responsible for opposite charges attracting and same charges repelling? Electromagnetic force Gravitational force Strong force Weak force

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