Do Now 2

1. Do Now 2 Agenda Do Now Objectives Bones Intro Functions Bone Tissue Shapes of bones Anatomy of long bones Changes Cells Closing • List at least 3 major functions of the skeletal system

2. Skeletal System - Do Now 3 Agenda Do Now Objectives Bones Intro Functions Bone Tissue Shapes of bones Anatomy of long bones Changes Cells Closing • What is the most dangerous bone to break? • What is the most commonly broken bone(s)?

3. Skeletal System - Do Now 4 Agenda Do Now Objectives Bones Intro Functions Bone Tissue Shapes of bones Anatomy of long bones Changes Cells Closing • What do you understand by the expressions: • Bone tired? • Dry as a bone? • Bag of bones?

4. Skeletal System - Do Now 5 Agenda Do Now Objectives Bones Intro Functions Bone Tissue Shapes of bones Anatomy of long bones Changes Cells Closing • Where are the majority of our bones? • In our head, hands, feet, or vertebra?

5. Over half your bones are found in your hands and feet. There are 26 bones in each foot and 27 in each hand. 26 x 2 = 52 27 x 2 = 54 _________ 106 (total bones: 206 – 106 = 100)

6. Skeletal System - Do Now 6 Agenda Do Now Objectives Bones Intro Functions Bone Tissue Shapes of bones Anatomy of long bones Changes Cells Closing • How well do you know the major bones? • What is the best way to remember them?

7. Skeletal System Agenda Do Now Objectives Bones Intro Functions Bone Tissue Shapes of bones Anatomy of long bones Changes Cells Closing • Write a quiz for your partner and score a pre and post grade. • Based on your notes, please write down the 20 major bones labeled on the skeleton handout • Write a pneumonic device to remember the major bones of the body.

8. Skeletal System - Do Now Agenda Do Now Objectives Bones Intro Functions Bone Tissue Shapes of bones Anatomy of long bones Changes Cells Closing • How are you memorizing the bones? • How are bones differentiated from one another?

9. Skeletal System - Do Now Agenda Do Now Objectives Bones Intro Functions Bone Tissue Shapes of bones Anatomy of long bones Changes Cells Closing • Without looking at your notes – Please list the 7 main bones of our legs and the 6 major bones in our arms!

10. Skeletal System - Do Now 1 Agenda Do Now Objectives Bones Intro Functions Bone Tissue Shapes of bones Anatomy of long bones Changes Cells Closing • What is the most painful injury you have ever had? • Have you ever broken a bone?

11. Objectives Agenda Do Now Objectives Bones Intro Functions Bone Tissue Shapes of bones Anatomy of long bones Changes Cells Closing Content: • Identify the subdivisions of the skeleton as axial or appendicular. • Name the four kinds of bones. • Label the major anatomical areas of long bones. Language: • List three functions of the skeletal system

12. You already know a lot!!! • You are probably aware of many functions for the skeletal system! • For example: • What does it do? • What can go wrong? • Where are our bones?

13. The Skeletal System Agenda Do Now Objectives Bones Intro Functions Bone Tissue Shapes of bones Anatomy of long bones Changes Cells Closing • Parts of the skeletal system • Bones (skeleton) • Joints • Cartilages • Ligaments

14. The Skeletal System Agenda Do Now Objectives Bones Intro Functions Bone Tissue Shapes of bones Anatomy of long bones Changes Cells Closing • Divided into two divisions • Axial skeleton • Appendicular skeleton

15. AXIAL SKELETON • THE AXIAL SKELETON FORMS THE LONG AXIS OF THE BODY AND INCLUDES THE BONES OF THE SKULL, VERTEBRAL COLUMN, AND THE RIB CAGE.

16. AXIAL SKELETON • GENERALLY THESE BONES ARE MOST INVOLVED IN PROTECTING, AND SUPPORTING.

17. AXIAL SKELETON

18. AXIAL SKELETON

19. APPENDICULAR SKELETON • THE APPENDICULAR SKELETON CONSISTS OF THE BONES OF THE UPPER AND LOWER LIMBS, AND THE GIRDLES THAT ATTACH THE LIMBS TO THE AXIAL SKELETON.

20. APPENDICULAR SKELETON • THE APPENDICULAR SKELETON CONSISTS OF 126 BONES. IT FUNCTIONS TO HELP IN MOVEMENT.

21. AXIAL and APPENDICULARSKELETONS

22. Functions of Bones Agenda Do Now Objectives Bones Intro Functions Bone Tissue Shapes of bones Anatomy of long bones Changes Cells Closing • 1. SUPPORT • 2. PROTECTION • 3. MOVEMENT • 4. MINERAL STORAGE • 5. BLOOD CELL FORMATION

23. Support • The bones of the legs, pelvic girdle, and vertebral column support the weight of the erect body. • The mandible (jawbone) supports the teeth. • Other bones support various organs and tissues. • Protection • The bones of the skull protect the brain. • Ribs and sternum (breastbone) protect the lungs and heart. • Vertebrae protect the spinal cord. 3. Movement

24. 4. Reservoir for minerals and adipose tissue • 99% of the body’s calcium is stored in bone. • 85% of the body’s phosphorous is stored in bone. • Adipose tissue is found in the marrow of certain bones. 5. Hematopoiesis • A.k.a. blood cell formation. • All blood cells are made in the marrow of certain bones.

25. Bones of the Human Body Agenda Do Now Objectives Bones Intro Functions Bone Tissue Shapes of bones Anatomy of long bones Changes Cells Closing • The adult skeleton has 206 bones • Two basic types of bone tissue • Compact bone • Homogeneous • Spongy bone • Small needle-like pieces of bone • Many open spaces Figure 5.2b

26. Scene 3 (1) 1. What is a parry fracture? What does that mean? 2. How could Sheila know that the ulnar fractures are several years old? 3. What are osteophytic reactions? Could this have something to do with abuse? 4. What causes bone to become ridged and grooved 5. What is an avulsion fracture?

27. Parry Fracture • Monteggia's fracture  one in the proximal half of the shaft of the ulna, with dislocation of the head of the radius.

28. Osteophytic :A small, abnormal bony outgrowth. • An avulsion fracture is a bone fracture which occurs when a fragment of bone tears away from the main mass of bone as a result of physical trauma.

29. Scene 3 (2) 6. What is remodeling? 7. What is a long bone? Why would these be particularly robust? 8. What are other kinds of bones? 9. What does lumbar mean? 10. Why are the lumbar verts osteophytic? 11. Why is what Theo’s guardians do for a living relevant?

30. CLASSIFICATION OF BONE BY SHAPE Agenda Do Now Objectives Bones Intro Functions Bone Tissue Shapes of bones tomy of long bones Changes Cells Closing • THE BONES OF THE HUMAN SKELETON COME IN MANY SIZES AND SHAPES. • BONES CAN BE CLASSIFIED BY SHAPE INTO: • LONG; SHORT; FLAT; IRREGULAR.

31. Classification of Bones on the Basis of Shape Agenda Do Now Objectives Bones Intro Functions Bone Tissue Shapes of bones tomy of long bones Changes Cells Closing Figure 5.1

32. Classification of Bones Agenda Do Now Objectives Bones Intro Functions Bone Tissue Shapes of bones Anatomy of long bones Changes Cells Closing • Long bones • Typically longer than wide • Have a shaft with heads at both ends • Contain mostly compact bone • Examples: Femur, humerus

33. Long bones are longer than they are wide. Long bones have 2 epiphyses, and a diaphysis. All of the bones of the limbs, except the patella, ankle, and wrist, are long bones. LONG BONES

34. Classification of Bones Agenda Do Now Objectives Bones Intro Functions Bone Tissue Shapes of bones Anatomy of long bones Changes Cells Closing • Short bones • Generally cube-shape • Contain mostly spongy bone • Examples: Carpals, tarsals

35. Short bones are cube shaped, nearly equal in length and width. The bones of the wrist and ankle are examples of short bones. SHORT BONES

36. Classification of Bones Agenda Do Now Objectives Bones Intro Functions Bone Tissue Shapes of bones Anatomy of long bones Changes Cells Closing • Flat bones • Thin and flattened • Usually curved • Thin layers of compact bone around a layer of spongy bone • Examples: Skull, ribs, sternum

37. Flat bones are thin, flattened, and a bit curved. The sternum, scapulae, ribs, and most of the bones of the skull are flat bones. FLAT BONES

38. Classification of Bones Agenda Do Now Objectives Bones Intro Functions Bone Tissue Shapes of bones Anatomy of long bones Changes Cells Closing • Irregular bones • Irregular shape • Do not fit into other bone classification categories • Example: Vertebrae and hip

39. Irregular bones have complicated shapes that fit none of the preceding classes. The vertebrae, the bones of the hip, and some facial bones. IRREGULAR BONES

40. Classification of Bones on the Basis of Shape Figure 5.1

41. Gross Anatomy of a Long Bone Agenda Do Now Objectives Bones Intro Functions Bone Tissue Shapes of bones Anatomy of long bones Changes Cells Closing • Diaphysis • Shaft • Composed of compact bone • Epiphysis • Ends of the bone • Composed mostly of spongy bone Figure 5.2a

42. Structures of a Long Bone • Periosteum • Outside covering of the diaphysis • Fibrous connective tissue membrane • Sharpey’s fibers • Secure periosteum to underlying bone • Arteries • Supply bone cells with nutrients Figure 5.2c

43. Structures of a Long Bone Agenda Do Now Objectives Bones Intro Functions Bone Tissue pes of bones Anatomy of long bones Changes Cells Closing • Articular cartilage • Covers the external surface of the epiphyses • Made of hyaline cartilage • Decreases friction at joint surfaces Figure 5.2a

44. Structures of a Long Bone • Medullary cavity • Cavity of the shaft • Contains yellow marrow (mostly fat) in adults • Contains red marrow (for blood cell formation) in infants Figure 5.2a

45. Bone Markings Agenda Do Now Objectives Bones Intro Functions Bone Tissue Shapes of bones Anatomy of long bones Changes Cells Closing • Surface features of bones • Sites of attachments for muscles, tendons, and ligaments • Passages for nerves and blood vessels • Categories of bone markings • Projections and processes – grow out from the bone surface • Depressions or cavities – indentations

46. Microscopic Anatomy of Bone Agenda Do Now Objectives Bones Intro Functions Bone Tissue Shapes of bones Anatomy of long bones Changes Cells Closing • Osteon (Haversian System) • A unit of bone • Central (Haversian) canal • Opening in the center of an osteon • Carries blood vessels and nerves • Perforating (Volkman’s) canal • Canal perpendicular to the central canal • Carries blood vessels and nerves

47. Microscopic Anatomy of Bone Agenda Do Now Objectives Bones Intro Functions Bone Tissue Shapes of bones Anatomy of long bones Changes Cells Closing Figure 5.3

48. Microscopic Anatomy of Bone • Lacunae • Cavities containing bone cells (osteocytes) • Arranged in concentric rings • Lamellae • Rings around the central canal • Sites of lacunae Detail of Figure 5.3

49. Microscopic Anatomy of Bone Agenda Do Now Objectives Bones Intro Functions Bone Tissue Shapes of bones Anatomy of long bones Changes Cells Closing • Canaliculi • Tiny canals • Radiate from the central canal to lacunae • Form a transport system Detail of Figure 5.3

50. Skeletal System - Do Now Agenda Do Now Objectives Bones Intro Functions Bone Tissue Shapes of bones Anatomy of long bones Changes Cells Closing • List at least three problems that can occur in the skeletal system (from what we have seen as see what your own experience).