CITES and Succulents

1. CITES and Succulents An introduction to succulent plants covered by the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species

2. What This Presentation Will Cover • Introduction to succulent plants • Succulent plants on CITES • Implementing CITES for succulent plants

3. Introduction to Succulent Plants

4. What Are Succulent Plants?

5. Why Protect Succulent Plants?

6. Global Trade

7. What Groups Are Controlled?

8. Cacti

9. Succulent Plants on CITES

10. Succulent Euphorbia

11. Euphorbia Characteristics - Latex

12. Euphorbia Characteristics - Spines and Flowers • Spines • Needle like or • Complex • In pairs • Flowers • Inconspicuous • Showy bracts

13. Global Distribution of Succulent Euphorbia No. Euphorbia taxa 250 200 150 100 50 1 0 Source: Carter & Eggli (1997)

14. Euphorbia Trade Major Importer Major Exporter Source: UNEP-WCMC CITES trade data 1997-2001

15. Aloe

16. Aloe Characteristics

17. Aloe or Agave? Agave Aloe Agave Agave Aloe Aloe

18. Global Distribution of Aloe No. Aloe taxa 150 100 50 1 0

19. Aloe Trade Major Importer Major Exporter Source: UNEP-WCMC CITES trade data 1997-2001

20. Pachypodium

21. Pachypodium Characteristics

22. Global Distribution of Pachypodium No. Pachypodium taxa 30 15 1 0

23. Pachypodium Trade Major Importer Major Exporter Source: UNEP-WCMC CITES trade data 1997-2001

24. Other Succulent Taxa Listed on CITES Agave Alluaudia Fouquieria

25. Other Succulent Taxa Listed on CITES

26. Medicinals

27. Succulent Plants on CITES: Summary

28. Implementing CITES for Succulent Plants

29. Enforcement

30. Enforcement - Checks • Check • Documents • Country of origin • Packaging • Shipments • Trade routes

31. Wild Artificially propagated • Irregular shape & size • Wounds ?insect damage • “Corky” stems • Uniform • Healthy plant parts General Appearance • Irregular & broken • Thicker • Uniform & intact • Thinner & weaker Spines • In shape of pot • Roots cut back but healthy • Several main roots • One main taproot • Irregular • Dead & broken • Cut back when removed from the wild Roots • Usually clean of soil • Horticultural soil present (e.g. peat, sand, perlite, rockwool) • Native soils and associated plants Soil Wild or Artificially Propagated? - Key Characteristics

32. Wild or Artificially Propagated? AP - shipment Wild - shipment Wild - growth form AP - growth form

33. Wild or Artificially Propagated? Wild - leaves Wild - spines AP - spines Wild - roots AP - leaves AP - roots

34. Implementation: Summary

35. Additional Slides

36. Exemptions

37. Nursery Registration

38. The CITES Definition of ‘Artificially Propagated’

39. Detecting Detrimental Trade?The Burden on Exporting Countries • Article IV of the convention states that an export permit shall only be granted when, inter alia,’ • A Scientific Authority of the state of export has advised that such export will not be detrimental to the survival of that species’

40. Detrimental Trade - How and Why? • Insufficient resources to implement Article IV of CITES • Poor implementation of export bans on wild plants • Smuggling

41. Tillandsia – Air Plants