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The Nature of Nurture. Learning & Experience. Issues. The Biological Value of Behavioral Flexibility Kinds of Learning The Influence of Culture. The Biological Value of Learning. 1.) The disadvantage of hard-wired, Inflexible behavior Pine Processionary
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The Nature of Nurture Learning & Experience
Issues • The Biological Value of Behavioral Flexibility • Kinds of Learning • The Influence of Culture
The Biological Value of Learning 1.) The disadvantage of hard-wired, Inflexible behavior Pine Processionary Instincts and Releasing Stimuli:
The Biological Value of Learning 2.) The advantage of soft-wired, programmable behavior Tabula Rasa
Kinds of Learning • Conditioning • Classical (Pavlovian) • Instrumental (Operant) • Ideas • Observational Learning & Imitation • Conceptual Learning
Classical Conditioning: Conditioned Taste Aversion • The Phenomenon • Implications • One Trial Learning • Selectivity of Learning
Classical Conditioning: Conditioned Emotional Responses • The Phenomenon • Implications
Li’lAlbert: Phobias http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xt0ucxOrPQE
Skinner & Operant Conditioning • “Consequences” • Schedules of reinforcement
Behaviorism John B. Watson: “Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own specified world to bring them up in and I'll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select – doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant-chief and, yes, even beggar-man and thief, regardless of his talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations, and race of his ancestors. ..”
Early Ideas About Learning • All is learned (tabula rasa) • Learning is gradual, incremental • Anything can be learned
Evidence All is Learned: Gender Differences in Heterosexual Attractiveness
Human Mate Selection • Males: Physical attractiveness (correlated with health) • Females: Resources (care of offspring)
Evidence Learning Is Gradual:
What can Rats Learn? Illness Shock Taste Place
What can Rats Learn? Illness Shock Taste YES No Place NoYes
An Application of CTA: Heroine Overdose • The Phenomenon • The Explanation:
“CUES ’’ Drug Opposite Effect Drug Opposite Effect Before Drug Effect Tolerance
Observational Learning & Imation • Bobo dolls and TV Violence • Language
What else Might be Learned? • Ethics & Morality? • Human Violence? • Parenting?