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Organizing Life

Organizing Life. What is It? Why Classify?. I. Classification. What is it? 1. Grouping of organisms based on similarities. 2. Examples of classification: a. books in the library b. parts in an auto shop c. names in the phone book B. Why classify?

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Organizing Life

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  1. Organizing Life What is It? Why Classify?

  2. I. Classification • What is it? 1. Grouping of organisms based on similarities. 2. Examples of classification: a. books in the library b. parts in an auto shop c. names in the phone book B. Why classify? 1. It is easier to manage and use the information. 2. It shows relationships among living things.

  3. Taxonomy def: The science of classifying living things.

  4. Taxonomist def: a scientist who studies classification

  5. Early taxonomists… Aristotle (334- - 322 B.C.) *Greek philosopher *devised the 1st formal classification system for living things. *said the earth was the center of the solar system

  6. Aristotle Said there were two types of living things: • Plants a. herbs (soft stems) b. shrubs (several, woody stems) c. trees (single, woody stems) • Animals a. land dwellers b. water dwellers c. air dwellers

  7. Problems with Aristotle’s System • Frog- Half of life is in water (tadpole), half is on land • Didn’t know about bacteria or one celled organisms (no microscopes)

  8. Early taxonomists… CAROLUS LINNAEUS Carolus Linnaeus (1707 - 1778) *Swedish botanist *devised the 2-part naming system that is used today for living things called Binomial Nomenclature.

  9. Carolus Linnaeus Used the following criteria as his basis for classification: • based on structural similarities (Morphology) • used Latin names to name organisms. • set up the system of binomial nomenclature. (scientific names)

  10. *Rules for writing scientific names* 1. The GENUS is written first and the species is written second. Ex: Homo (Genus) sapiens (species) = Homo sapiens 2. The first letter in the first word (GENUS) is capitalized, and the second word is written lower case. Ex: Homo sapiens 3. The scientific name must be underlined or written in italics. Ex: Homo sapiensHomo sapiens

  11. Scientific Names… An organism has only ONE scientific name. White-tailed deer wolf common dog Odocoileus virginianus Canus lupus box turtle Canus familiaris Terrapene carolina

  12. Scientists DO NOT use common names of organisms !!! *Common names are the everyday name of an organism. Reason #1: The names are not very descriptive, which can be confusing in naming the organisms.

  13. Reason #2: There can be more than one common name for an organism *Common names are the everyday name of an organism. Sycamore tree English sparrow House sparrow buttonwood

  14. Tools of Classification

  15. A cladogram is a branching diagram that shows evolutionary relationships

  16. Dichotomous Keys Aid in identifying unknown organisms Pairs of statements with two choices of characteristics Only one choice will apply to the unknown organism This will lead to another pair of characteristics.. And so on…

  17. Until the organism is identified

  18. Archaea Bacteria Eukarya Eubacteria Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia Archae- bacteria

  19. Organisms are classified by the following criteria… • Structure is the basis. (Morphology) • Early stages of development (Embryology) • Chromosomes, gene sequence, amino acids (Biochemistry) • The way they act (Behavior)

  20. 3 Domain System

  21. Levels of Classification(Taxonomic Categories – Taxa) Memory Aid: • Domain • Kingdoms “Most Inclusive” • Phyla *(Division) • Class • Order • Family • Genus • Species “Least Inclusive” • Did • King • Phillip • Came • Over • From • Great • Spain ?

  22. Taxonomy for Istrian Sheepdog *Be able to compare two organisms on a chart.

  23. How many “KINGDOMS” are there in Biology? CURRENT VERSION There are FIVE kingdoms in Biology: 1. Monera 2. Protista 3. Fungi 4. Plantae 5. Animalia OLD VERSION There are SIX kingdoms in Biology: 1. *Archaebacteria 2. *Eubacteria 3. Protista 4. Fungi 5. Plantae 6. Animalia Classification Video ***VIRUSES ARE NOT CONSIDERED TO BE LIVING!!!

  24. Kingdom: Monera Type of cells: prokaryotic Unicellular/Multicellular: most unicellular Mode of Nutrition: Heterotrophic & Autotrophic Examples: Bacteria *New Kingdoms: *Archaebacteria - cell walls lack muramic acid (live in extreme regions) *Eubacteria - cell walls have muramic acid.

  25. Kingdom: Protista Paramecium Type of cells: eukaryotic Unicellular/Multicellular: most unicellular Mode of Nutrition: Heterotrophic & Autotrophic Examples: amoeba, euglena, paramecium Amoeba Euglena

  26. Kingdom: Fungi Mushroom Type of cells: eukaryotic Unicellular/Multicellular: Mostly multicellular Mode of Nutrition: Heterotrophic Examples: Mushroom, yeast, molds Yeast Molds

  27. Kingdom: Plantae Moss Type of cells: eukaryotic Unicellular/Multicellular: Multicellular Mode of Nutrition: Autotrophic Examples: Mosses, ferns, pine tree, tomatoes fern tomatoes

  28. Kingdom: Animalia Type of cells: eukaryotic Unicellular/Multicellular: multicellular Mode of Nutrition: Heterotrophic Examples: sponges, snails, insects, worms, jellyfish, birds

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