LIFE CYCLES AND GROWTH OF PLANTS AND ANIMALS

1. LIFE CYCLES AND GROWTH OF PLANTS AND ANIMALS

2. How do plants reproduce? When a plant grows, it goes through a series of stages. The stages that a living thing goes through are called a LIFE CYCLE. Most food that we eat comes from plants. As consumers of plants we need to understand the life cycle of plants.

3. Most plants grow from seeds. First, a seed is placed in soil, so it can sprout. Next, the plant grows until it reaches maturity. A mature plant may grow flowers or cones. Then, these structures make more seeds. The cycle continues.

5. Number the sequence of the plant life cycle.

6. There are about 274,000 different kinds of plants on Earth. Almost 90% of them reproduce by making seeds. Most seed-producing plants make seeds in the flowers.

7. Only about 760 plants make seeds in structures called cones.

8. In plants with cones, sperm are made in male cones and eggs are made in female cones.

9. Most cone-bearing plants are trees. Pines, spruces, and cycads are all cone-bearing plants.

10. Flowers and cones are reproductive structures. They produce reproduction sex cells. Reproduction sex cells are used during sexual reproduction. Male reproductive cells are called sperm. Female reproductive cells are eggs.

11. The male organ in the flower is called the stamen. It consists of a thin stalk topped by a saclike anther. The anther produces pollen.

12. FERTILIZATION Fertilization is the process of a sperm and an egg cell joining together. A fertilized egg grows into a new plant inside a seed.

13. In plants with flowers, sperm are contained in grains of pollen produced in the anthers.

14. Eggs are made in a structure called a pistil. Most flowers have both anthers and a pistil.

16. PLANT REPRODUCTION

17. Everything the new plant needs in contained within the seed’s coat. Even a drop of water. Plant cell

18. Petals are the outer parts of the flower. They are usually bright colors to attract insects. The male organ is the stamen. It is a thin stalk topped by a saclike anther, which produces the pollen.

19. POLLEN POWER In order for an egg to be fertilized, pollen has to move from the male parts to the female parts.

20. Plants reproduce through pollination. POLLINATION is the process of pollen moving from a male plant part to a female plant part. There are several ways this can happen. POLLEN

21. Sometimes wind can blow the pollen from one plant to another.

22. Other plants are pollinated by pollinators. Bees, birds, and butterflies, and other animals can be pollinators. A butterfly goes from flower to flower drinking nectar. The pollen on the stamens rubs off on the butterfly. As the butterfly visits flower after flower, pollen drops off and falls on the pistil. If this happens the flower will be pollinated.

23. Many water plants, such as rushes, are pollinated by water. Flowing water carries the pollen from one plant to the next.

24. Animals pollinate 75% of seed-making plants. Wind and water pollinate the other 25%. Use this information to create a circle graph.

25. Animals pollinate 75% of seed-making plants. The base of the pistil of some flowers grows into a big fruit that contains the flower’s seeds. When an animals eats the fruit, the seeds pass through the animal’s body before being deposited elsewhere.

26. Bats are super seed movers. So are birds.

27. Other animals will find and bury seeds. Think of squirrels. Squirrels bury acorns so they will have food in winter. They dig up and eat most of the acorns, but they will forget a few. These will grow into new oak trees.

28. Seeds such as burs travel when they stick to an animals body.

29. Ever hear of VELCRO? Nature got there first!

30. Plants are used to make food, clothing, medicine, furniture and so much more. We would not survive without plants.

31. Because we are dependant on plants for our survival, it is vital that we know how plants reproduce. Knowing about plant life cycles helps farmers provide what people need and want.

32. Farmers need to pollinate their plants. - Millions of plants - BEES are great pollinators.

33. Bees not only pollinate our plants but provide a bonus of honey.

34. Quick Check PISTIL MOVEMENT POLLINATORS MALE GERMINATES INSECTS STAMENS FEMALE WIND, WATER, ANIMALS NEW PLANT

35. Label the parts of the plant

36. Quick Check cone cycle fertilization flower germination maturity pollen pollination seed 1. What process happens when a sperm joins with an egg? _________ 2. What stage has a plant reached when it can reproduce? __________ 3. What process happens when a small root and plant begins to grow out of a seed? ___________________________________________ 4. What are the structures that contain a plant’s male sex cells? _____ 5. What structure do pine and spruce trees use to reproduce? _______ 6. What forms after a plant egg is fertilized? _______________________ 7. What process happens when pollen falls on a flower’s pistil? ______ 8. All of the stages a plant goes through is called its life ____________. 9. What structure do rose bushes and apple trees use to reproduce? ____________

37. THINK!

38. B

39. SCIENTIFIC PROCESS Set up a formal experiment about seeds. What is your QUESTION? What is your HYPOTHESIS? What MATERIALS will you use? What PROCEDURE will you follow? Will you DRAW pictures? Will you make CHARTS or GRAPHS? Will you SUMMARIZE your data?

40. HOW DO ANIMALS REPRODUCE?

41. Like plants, animals have a life cycle. Animals are born and then they grow to become an adult. When animals are adults they have young of their own. The circle of life continues on and on forever…

42. When a bird reaches adulthood, it mates with another bird. After mating, a female bird lays eggs. Birds hatch from eggs. After the eggs hatch, the parents feed the young birds. Over time, the birds grow and become independent. Soon they can live on their own. And the cycle continues….

43. Most animals reproduce sexually. During sexual reproduction, sperm from a male joins an egg from a female. The fertilized egg can then develop into a new animal. This fertilized egg with grow into a tiny mouse.

44. In some animals, such as many kinds of fish, the eggs are fertilized outside of the female’s body. In other animals, like birds, the eggs are fertilized inside the female’s body. After the eggs are fertilized, the female bird lays the eggs. Birds will protect the eggs until they have hatched.

45. After the young are born, they begin to grow and change. Over time, newborns develop into youths. Youths continue to develop until they grow into adults.

46. Adult animals mate with one another to produce offspring. An animal’s life cycle ends when the animal dies. But that animal’s offspring will have offspring and the life cycle repeats again and again.

47. Like birds, many other animals hatch out of eggs. Most fish, reptiles, and spiders hatch from eggs.

48. What happens after an animal is born? Some animals, such as turtles, are on their own as soon as they hatch from their eggs. Their parents do not help them.

49. Other animals, like penguins, give their young a great deal of care. They keep their young warm and fed until the young grow strong enough to care for themselves.

50. Animals such as deer, bear, and rabbits take care of their young by feeding them milk. These animals may stay with their parents for months or even years. Animals that feed their babies milk are called mammals.