STUDYING SENSATION & PERCEPTION IN NONVERBAL INFANTS A. Difference between sensation and perception? Techniques Pre

1. STUDYING SENSATION & PERCEPTION IN NONVERBAL INFANTS • A. Difference between sensation and perception? • Techniques • Preference method

2. STUDYING SENSATION & PERCEPTION IN NONVERBAL INFANTS • A. Difference between sensation and perception? • Techniques • Preference method • Habituation method

3. STUDYING SENSATION & PERCEPTION IN NONVERBAL INFANTS • A. Difference between sensation and perception? • Techniques • Preference method • Habituation method • Evoked potentials • High-Amplitude sucking

4. INFANT SENSORY CAPABILITIES • Vision in Newborns • 1. Least developed of senses • 2. Acuity (20/600)

5. INFANT SENSORY CAPABILITIES • Vision in Newborns • 1. Least developed of senses • 2. Acuity (20/600) • 3. Color Vision • 4. Visual Contrast • 5. Brightness Discrimination

6. INFANT SENSORY CAPABILITIES • Vision in Newborns • Hearing in Newborns • Discrimination • Voices • Language • Hearing loss/Ear infections

7. INFANT SENSORY CAPABILITIES • Vision in Newborns • Hearing in Newborns • C. Taste and Smell • 1. Preferences • 2. Discrimination

8. MOM’S SENSORY CAPABILITIES!

9. INFANT SENSORY CAPABILITIES • A. Vision in Newborns • Hearing in Newborns • C. Taste and Smell • D. Touch, Temperature & Pain • 1. Sensitivity • 2. Circumcision

10. INFANT PERCEPTION Perception: The interpretation of sensory input by the brain. Activities to illustrate the importance of perception and expectation….

11. INFANT PERCEPTION Reality….does an objective reality exist that our senses detect and classify OR Is reality what we create to make sense of ambiguous stimuli? Modern Theories of Perceptual Development Enrichment Theory Differentiation Theory

13. INFANT PERCEPTION • Visual Perception • Perception of Patterns/Forms • 0-2 months • 2-12 months • Face perception

14. INFANT PERCEPTION • Visual Perception • Perception of Patterns/Forms • Perception of 3-D Space Basic Definitions: Stereopsis – fusion of two flat images to produce one image that has depth Pictorial (perspective) cues – depth and distance cues

15. INFANT PERCEPTION Pictorial (perspective) cues – depth and distance cues

16. INFANT PERCEPTION • Visual Perception • Perception of Patterns/Forms • Perception of 3-D Space Basic Definitions: Stereopsis – fusion of two flat images to produce one image that has depth Pictorial (perspective) cues – depth and distance cues Visual looming – object looks bigger as it draws closer to the face Kinetic cues – created by movements of objects or body

17. INFANT PERCEPTION • Visual Perception • Perception of Patterns/Forms • Perception of 3-D Space • Early use of Kinetic cues • Size Constancy • Pictorial Cues • Depth Perception

18. INFANT PERCEPTION Depth Perception

19. INFANT PERCEPTION Intermodal Perception: the ability to use one sensory modality to identify a stimulus or pattern of stimuli that is already familiar through another modality. When do babies display these abilities?

20. Neurological Effects of Visual Deprivation Visual system requires patterned stimulation for normal development - chimp studies - cataracts - kittens

21. PRINCIPLES OF LEARNING Habituation – to stop attending or responding to sensory stimulation that is presented over and over. - developmental trends - individual differences

22. PRINCIPLES OF LEARNING 1. Classical conditioning Stimulus elicits Response

23. PRINCIPLES OF LEARNING 1. Classical conditioning Stimulus elicits Response Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) Unconditioned Response (UCR)

24. PRINCIPLES OF LEARNING 1. Classical conditioning Stimulus elicits Response Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) Unconditioned Response (UCR) Neutral Stimulus + UCS UCR (Neutral Stimulus becomes Conditioned Stimulus)

25. PRINCIPLES OF LEARNING 1. Classical conditioning Stimulus elicits Response Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) Unconditioned Response (UCR) Neutral Stimulus + UCS UCR (Neutral Stimulus becomes Conditioned Stimulus) Conditioned Stimulus (CS) Conditioned Response (CR)

26. PRINCIPLES OF LEARNING 1. Classical conditioning Stimulus elicits Response Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) Unconditioned Response (UCR) Neutral Stimulus + UCS UCR (Neutral Stimulus becomes Conditioned Stimulus) Conditioned Stimulus (CS) Conditioned Response (CR) Example: Pavlov's dogs Meat powder (UCS) Salivation (UCR)

27. PRINCIPLES OF LEARNING 1. Classical conditioning Stimulus elicits Response Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) Unconditioned Response (UCR) Neutral Stimulus + UCS UCR (Neutral Stimulus becomes Conditioned Stimulus) Conditioned Stimulus (CS) Conditioned Response (CR) Example: Pavlov's dogs Meat powder (UCS) Salivation (UCR) Bell (Neutral) + Powder (UCS) Salivation (UCR)

28. PRINCIPLES OF LEARNING 1. Classical conditioning Stimulus elicits Response Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) Unconditioned Response (UCR) Neutral Stimulus + UCS UCR (Neutral Stimulus becomes Conditioned Stimulus) Conditioned Stimulus (CS) Conditioned Response (CR) Example: Pavlov's dogs Meat powder (UCS) Salivation (UCR) Bell (Neutral) + Powder (UCS) Salivation (UCR) Bell (CS) Salivation (CR)

29. PRINCIPLES OF LEARNING 2. Operant (instrumental) conditioning (Trial-and-error learning) Response produces Reinforcement Stimulus R+ Response (emitted) R+ is rewarding R- is aversive R- B.F. Skinner

30. PRINCIPLES OF LEARNING Possible Consequences of Behavior Following Behavior, Type of Stimulus Stimulus Is: Reward(+) Aversive(-) Presented Positive Punishment Reinforcement Removed Extinction Negative Reinforcement

31. PRINCIPLES OF LEARNING • Operant (instrumental) conditioning (Trial-and-error learning) • Applications to child development: • - Can infants remember? • - How to punish effectively?

32. PRINCIPLES OF LEARNING • Observational Learning – learning that results from observing the behavior of others • - Newborn imitation • - Deferred imitation