Chapter 18

1. Chapter 18 The Muslim World Expands

2. Chapter 18 The Muslim World Expands, 1300-1700

3. Ruler Supreme Create the ultimate ruler by choosing traits of rulers from the Ottoman and Mughal Empires. Keep in mind: Goals shared by these rulers included- • Expanding their territory • Protecting their empire • Controlling the population either strictly or leniently (backgrounds, religion, taxes) You have taken power of a small territory surrounded by neighboring empires. I want you to pick 4 tactics/qualities of rulers from chapter 18 which impacted the growth (or decline) of their Empires. Please tell me the name of each ruler, and the empire he or she reigned from (Ottoman or Mughal), after describing his or her trait. Then, write a paragraph explaining the outcomes of your ruler’s empire. Don’t forget to name your ruler! Due Friday at the beginning of class

4. Name • Date • Period • Your Ruler’s Name • Describe a characteristic (Name of Ruler, Empire) • Describe a characteristic (Name of Ruler, Empire) • Describe a characteristic (Name of Ruler, Empire) • Describe a characteristic (Name of Ruler, Empire) • Paragraph explaining the outcomes from your choices. Remember that a paragraph is typically a minimum of three sentences. Please do not do the minimum

6. Chapter 18 Section 1- The Ottomans Build a Vast Empire Anatolian Turks saw themselves as warriors for Islam or ghazis. The most successful of the ghazis was Osman who people in the West called Othman and his followers the Ottomans. Osman built a small Muslim state in Anatolia between 1300 and 1326.

7. Military Success The Ottomans’ military success was based on the use of gunpowder Osman’s son Orkhan I declared himself sultan, meaning “overlord” or “one with power” In 1361 The Ottomans conquered Adrianople Acted kindly toward the people they conquered

8. Mehmed II or Mehmed the Conqueror completes the conquest of Constantinople. Constantinople made trade easier for the Ottoman Empire. *map: pg.508 Constantinople became Istanbul and was open to people of many religious backgrounds.

9. Ottoman Empire Selim the Grim, Mehmed’s grandson captures the holy cities of Islam (Mecca and Medina) and Cairo.

10. Suleyman the Lawgiver • Suleyman the Lawgiver came to the throne in 1520 and ruled for 46 years. • Empire reaches its limits under Suleyman. • Suleyman became the most powerful monarch on earth. • The massive Ottoman Empire required an efficient government structure and social organization.

11. Chapter 18 Section 2- The Mughal Empire • Muslim nomads, who called themselves Mughals, invade what is now India • Between the 13 and 16th centuries a series of Sultans (33 to be exact) ruled the a divided territory

12. Babur Unites an Empire • Babur was a Mongol leader and descendant of Genghis Khan • The Moghal Empire was founded when Babur defeated the last of the sultans in 1526 and united the territories (Babur defeated the Sultan at the Battle of Panipat where they used gunpowder for the first time in India)

13. Akbar’s Golden Age • Akbar, Babur’s grandson, ruled the Empire from 1556 to 1605 after his father, Babur’s son, lost most of the territory Babur had gained • Akbar lead with wisdom and tolerance and under his rule the empire grew considerably • Believed that military power was the root of his strength

14. “School of Thought” by Akbar- A king must always be aggressive so that his neighbors will not try to conquer him Military Power and political wisdom…A winning combination Akbar equipped his armies with heavy artillery such as cannons which enabled him to invade walled cities He appointed rajputs as officers, turning potential enemies into allies Akbar’s Golden Age Rajputs: members of landowning clans in India and Pakistan

15. Akbar too, was a Muslim He firmly defended religious freedom and allowed his people to practice different faiths Allowed natives and foreigners, Hindus and Muslims to participate as government officials - This contributed to the quality of his government Akbar’s Golden Age

16. The Languages of the Mughal Empire under Akbar Persian was the language of Akbar’s court and of high culture Common people spoke Hindi, a mixture of Persian and local language, and one of the most widely spoken languages of India today Out of the Mughal armies came a new language Urdu (Akbar’s soldiers, like his officials, came from a variety of backgrounds and cultures) Akbar’s Golden Age

17. Miniatures- small, highly detailed, colorful paintings used as book illustrations or kept in albums Tulsi Das- a poet, retold the epic love story of Rama and Sita in Ramcaritmanas Architecture- a style known for massive but graceful structures decorated with intricate stonework depicting Hindu themes; still known as Akbar period architecture Art and Literature of the Mughal Court

18. Akbar’s Successors Jahangir and Nur Jahan- Akbar’s son, Jahangir, left the affairs of the state to his wife, Nur Jahan. She ruled with an iron hand. Jahangir was tollerant of all religions (like his father) until his son, Khusrau, rebelled and turned to the Sikhs- a nonviolent religious group. The Sikhs became the target of Mughal hatred.

19. Akbar’s Successors Shah Jahan- Jahangir’s son and successor Could not tolerate competition- secured his throne by assassinating all possible rivals Built the Taj Mahal, a memorial to his wife Mumtaz Mahal. The people of the empire suffered from famine and heavy taxes to support their rulers extravagant life-style

20. Akbar’s Successors Aurangzeb- The third son of Shah Jahan took power after his father became ill by executing his oldest brother and putting his father in prison Aurangzeb was an aggressive empire builder who expanded the Mughal empire to its greatest size, but… The power of the empire weakened because largely because of Aurangzeb’s oppression of his people Not as open-minded as his successors, he taxed non-muslims and dismissed Hindus from government. He also banned the construction of new temples and had Hindu monuments destroyed. Hindu rajputs rebelled.