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Chapter 28

Chapter 28 . The West and Agricultural Revolution. Indian Barrier to West. Civil war ended and country was still heading west From Texas to Canada the line headed N. Then far west, in between nothing 1000 mile square By 1890 the frontier was closed. 1860 360,000 Nomadic, Spanish Horse

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Chapter 28

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  1. Chapter 28 The West and Agricultural Revolution

  2. Indian Barrier to West • Civil war ended and country was still heading west • From Texas to Canada the line headed N. Then far west, in between nothing • 1000 mile square • By 1890 the frontier was closed

  3. 1860 360,000 • Nomadic, Spanish Horse • Whites coming from CA and from E, trapping Natives • Disease and ecological abuse will lessen the numbers • Tribes fight tribes over good land • Treaties signed to protect

  4. Fort Laramie: 1851 • Fort Atkinson:1853 • Beginning of Reservation movement • Signed by Chiefs • Indian Agents, more concerned with money then job • 1868-90 incessant warfare • Immigrants and Af/Ams made up troops • Natives better armed, trained and prepared

  5. Receding Native Population • Indians being shot on sight • Sand Creek Massacre • Chivington • 400 natives thought they had immunity • Unspeakable mutilation • Cruelty begot cruelty • Fettermen • Sioux attacked Calvary • 81 soldiers • 105 arrows in one soldiers face • Treaty of Fort Laramie: 1868 • Tried to settle prob. By abandoning Bozeman trail

  6. 1874 Custer • Black Hills Science expedition • Finds gold, many come to get rich • 7th Calvary assigned to take natives back to res. • 2500 natives surprised Custer • 264 wiped out • Little Big Horn, Crazy Horse and Sitting Bull

  7. Nez Perce • 1878 Gold in Idaho brings whites • Chief Joseph three month trek across Continent to CA • Was sup. To meet SB • Promised ancestral lands, but sent to KS40% die on Reservation • Eventually returned to Idaho

  8. Apache • Arizona and NM • Geronimo • Women exiled in FL so surrendered • Successful stock farmers in OK

  9. Reservations • Ghettoized human zoos • Not farmers • Move bcz of Railroads • Farmers, cattlemen, sheepherders • Diseases • Extermination of Buffalo

  10. Bison • 1865 15 million still roaming • RR slowed and dangerous • Cody shot 4000 himself (18 months) • Used for food for RR • Robes were fashionable, tongues just for eating • 1865 less then 1000

  11. End of the Trail • Jackson writes a Century of Dishonor 1881 • Ramona (love story of CA Natives) • Humanitarian debate sparked • Christian reformers withheld food until they converted • Outlaw certain dances: Sun and Ghost • Wounded Knee: 1890 • 200 natives killed

  12. Dawes Act 1887 • Dissolved tribes titles • Wiped out tribal ownership of land • Set up family with 160 acres • Behaved and get title and 25 years citz. • Did not happen finally citz. In 1924 • Reservation land sold • Money went to civilizing

  13. Kill the Indian save the man • Indian Boarding schools • Took individualists from Indian • By 1900 50% of land lost • Indian Reorg. Of 34 reverses • 1887 243,000 natives left • 1990 1.5 million

  14. Mining • 1859 Gold rush in CO • 59 and Pikes Peakers • Many failures: BBG • Busted by Gosh • Nevada: Comstock Lode 1864 • 340 million Kings of Comstock • Nevada: rush statehood • Crime, prostitution, liquor, needed law • Ghost town vs. Boom Town • Iron Ore: next rush • Needed big business for this

  15. Beef and the Drive • Texas had Longhorn cattle • Transcontinental made moveable, but far from railheads • Had to drive across land until refrig. Cars invented • As time went on and Sheepherders and farmers got in middle of drive led to range wars • Fences had to be incorporated • Barb wire

  16. Free land for families • Homestead act 1862 • 160 acres • Five years, need to improve it • Nominal fee $30 • Alternate: 6 months 1.25 and acre • Encourage growth and settlement • Fraud rampant

  17. Taming the Desert • RR great tamer of W • Entice immigrants to buy land • Myth of W: Prairie perfect for farming after crust broken • But only certain parts • Wheat in demand, East part good • Dry farming • Glidden Barb Wire • Dams

  18. Far West comes of age • Still some West left • Oklohoma • Sooners • Natives evicted • 1890 Frontier closed • Frederick Jackson Turner • Folding Frontier • West more then place, state of mind • Frontier was safety valve • America’s romantic image

  19. Farm becomes factory • Role of farmer changing • New crops • Single money crop • Montgomery Ward Catalogue • Farmers become specialists • Tied in with banking and RR • Larger and mechanized • Business, not just single farm • Many farmers end up working their own land

  20. Deflation Dooms Debtor • 1880 prices skidded hurt one crop farmers • Not enough dollars to go around– delflation • 1880 ¼ all famers operate as tenants • Landless in a landed country

  21. Unhappy Farmers • Lots of challenges to be farmer • Grasshoppers • Boll weevil • Floods, erosion, fertilizers • Taxes • Tariffs • In God we trusted in KS we busted • Sold stuff cheap in world market but paid top dollar at home • Coroporations and Processors take bite of farmers • Trusts, middlemen • RR: Freight rates

  22. Farmers take stand • Farmers join together • Roots in Greenback labor party • 1868 price sag: demanded inflation of paper money • National Grange of the patrons of Husbandry 1867 • Kelley head of it • Stimulate minds: Social at first • Opened to women • Cooperatives • Harvesting equipment • Politics: influence RR, Warehouses and Grain elevators

  23. State legislation • Grange had most success in states • Granger Laws: badly drawn and failed • Ran Weaver for Pres 1892 • Brought realization of problems • Farmers Alliances evolved, White and Black (N and S) • Led to development of People’s party or Populists • Worked to stop foreclosure on farms • Led by Mary E. Lease • Scared established party

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