The Atlantic World , 1492–1800

1. CHAPTER 20 QUIT The Atlantic World, 1492–1800 Chapter Overview Time Line Spanish Conquests in the Americas 1 SECTION Competing Claims in North America 2 SECTION The Atlantic Slave Trade 3 SECTION GRAPH The Columbian Exchange and Global Trade 4 SECTION MAP Visual Summary

2. CHAPTER 20 Chapter Overview HOME The Atlantic World, 1492–1800 The European exploration and colonization of the Americas lead to an economic and cultural revolution in Europe and the devastation of Native American cultures in the New World.

3. CHAPTER 20 1800 1492 HOME The Atlantic World, 1492–1800 Time Line 1492Columbus makes first voyage. 1533Pizarro conquers Inca Empire. 1608Champlain claims Quebec for France. 1521Cortés conquers Aztec Empire. 1607English found Jamestown. 1754French and Indian War begins.

4. 1 HOME Spanish Conquests in the Americas Key Idea Columbus lands in the Caribbean Islands, and Spain and Portugal begin the colonization of the Americas. The Spanish destroy the Aztec and Inca empires. Overview Assessment

5. 1 TERMS & NAMES MAIN IDEA HOME Spanish Conquests in the Americas Overview •Christopher Columbus •colony •Hernando Cortés •conquistadors •Montezuma II •Francisco Pizarro •mestizo •encomienda WHY IT MATTERS NOW The voyages of Columbus prompted the Spanish to carve out the first European colonies in the Americas. Throughout the Americas, Spanish culture, language, and descendants are the legacy of this period. Assessment

6. 1 1 Section Assessment Columbus arrives in Americas. HOME Spanish Conquests in the Americas 1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. Trace the major events in the establishment of Spain’s empire in the Americas beginning with Columbus’s arrival. Conquistadors colonize the Southwest United States. Pizarro conquers the Inca. Cortés defeats the Aztecs. continued . . .

7. 1 HOME Spanish Conquests in the Americas 1 Section Assessment 2. How might Columbus’s view of the Taino Indians have led the Spanish to think they could take advantage of and impose their will on the natives? THINK ABOUT •the Taino’s desire for Spanish items even of “small value” •the Taino’s willingness to give whatever they had to the Spanish •the Taino’s appearance as a peaceful people ANSWER The Spanish may have taken the Taino’s generosity and naïvete about the worth of material goods as an invitation to take whatever they wanted. The Spanish also may have assumed that the natives’ gentleness meant they could be subdued. Possible Responses: continued . . .

8. 1 HOME Spanish Conquests in the Americas 1 Section Assessment 3. Discuss the merits of Spain’s colonization of the Americas. Explain the position of conquistadors, as well as the position of Native Americans.THINK ABOUT •how colonization of the Americas affected Spain •what effect colonization had on the Native Americans ANSWER Conquistadors: colonization good—increased Spain’s wealth and power; introduced natives to Christianity; spread Spanish culture Native Americans: colonization bad—brought disease and warfare; led to enslavement; suppressed native culture Possible Responses: End of Section 1

9. 2 HOME Competing Claims in North America Key Idea European nations lay claim to large parts of North America, but England drives out the French and Dutch and creates thirteen colonies. Overview Assessment

10. 2 TERMS & NAMES MAIN IDEA HOME Competing Claims in North America Overview •New France •Jamestown •Pilgrims •Puritans •New Netherland •French and Indian War • Metacom WHY IT MATTERS NOW Several European nations fought for control of North America, and England eventually emerged victorious. The English settlers in North America left a legacy of law and government that guides the United States today. Assessment

11. 2 2 Section Assessment Name of Settlement General Location Reasons for Establishment New France New Netherland Massachusetts Bay HOME Competing Claims in North America 1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. Identify the location of each settlement and the main reasons for its establishment. Eastern Canada and much of midwest United States Christian missionary and fur trading post Upper east coast of United States Fur trading post Upper east coast of United States Religious refuge continued . . .

12. 2 HOME Competing Claims in North America 2 Section Assessment 2. What may have been one reason the English eventually beat the French in North America? THINK ABOUT •how England’s colonies differed from those of the French •English and French colonial populations on the eve of the French and Indian War ANSWER The English, unlike the French and Dutch, populated their colonies in North America, so that by the eve of the French and Indian War, England’s colonial population was more than 1 million, while France’s was only 65,000. Possible Response: continued . . .

13. 2 HOME Competing Claims in North America 2 Section Assessment 3. Imagine that you have been asked to settle a dispute between a group of English colonists and Native Americans. Summarize each side’s grievances and offer possible solutions. ANSWER Colonists’ grievances—need more land for growing population and farming; Native Americans are heathens Native Americans’ grievances—colonists are pushing them off their land. Possible solutions—share the land by establishing boundary lines. Possible Responses: End of Section 2

14. 3 HOME The Atlantic Slave Trade GRAPH Key Idea The slave trade decimates African social and family life, and millions of slaves are brought to the Americas to work in mines and on plantations. Overview Assessment

15. 3 TERMS & NAMES MAIN IDEA HOME The Atlantic Slave Trade GRAPH Overview •Atlantic slave trade •triangular trade •middle passage WHY IT MATTERS NOW To meet their growing labor needs, Europeans enslaved millions of Africans in forced labor in the Americas. Descendants of enslaved Africans represent a significant part of the Americas’ population today. Assessment

16. 3 Consequences of the Slave Trade In Africa In the Americas 1. 1. 2. 2. 3. 3. 4. 4. HOME The Atlantic Slave Trade GRAPH 3 Section Assessment 1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. List the ways in which the Atlantic slave trade affected both Africa and the Americas. Loss of significant population Significant labor supply Increase in civil war and strife through the introduction of guns Expertise in farming techniques Families torn apart Introduction of African culture Cultures lost Mixed races continued . . .

17. 3 HOME The Atlantic Slave Trade GRAPH 3 Section Assessment 2. How was slavery in the Americas different from slavery in Africa and Muslim lands? THINK ABOUT •the length of bondage •the children of slaves •opportunities for slaves within each society •racial basis ANSWER In most African societies, slaves could escape their bondage, while in the Americas, most slaves worked for life; unlike in most African societies, slavery in the Americas was hereditary; unlike in most African and Muslim societies, slaves in the Americas lacked legal rights and social mobility. Possible Responses: End of Section 3

18. 4 HOME The Columbian Exchange and Global Trade MAP Key Idea The colonization of the Americas leads to a global exchange of food, plants, animals, and diseases that enriches the European diet and economy and further shatters the native civilizations of the New World. Overview Assessment

19. 4 TERMS & NAMES MAIN IDEA HOME The Columbian Exchange and Global Trade MAP Overview •Columbian Exchange •Commercial Revolution •capitalism •joint-stock company •mercantilism •favorable balance of trade WHY IT MATTERS NOW The colonization of the Americas introduced new and different items into the Eastern and Western hemispheres. This global exchange of goods permanently changed Europe, Asia, Africa, and the Americas. Assessment

20. 4 Corn Potato Disease HOME The Columbian Exchange and Global Trade MAP 4 Section Assessment 1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. For each Columbian Exchange item or aspect below, write where it originated and explain its significance. The Americas; nutritious basis of many diets The Americas; became staple throughout the world Europe; killed millions of Native Americans continued . . .

21. 4 HOME The Columbian Exchange and Global Trade MAP 4 Section Assessment 2. Why were colonies considered so important to the nations of Europe? THINK ABOUT •the philosophy of mercantilism •the notion of a favorable balance of trade ANSWER The mercantilistic philosophy of Europe drove nations to acquire colonies to obtain wealth. Colonies provided precious metals, raw materials, and markets for European goods, allowing European nations to establish a favorable balance of trade with their colonies. Possible Responses: continued . . .

22. 4 HOME The Columbian Exchange and Global Trade MAP 4 Section Assessment 3. Do you think the economic changes in Europe during the era of American colonization qualify as a revolution? Why or why not? THINK ABOUT •the legacy of the new business and trade practices •how the economic changes affected European society as a whole ANSWER Yes—Many of the new practices, including capitalism and joint-stock companies, served as the root of today’s economy. No—Europe’s population remained mostly rural, and many Europeans remained poor. Possible Responses: End of Section 4