Chapter 1 – The World before the Opening of the Atlantic

1. Chapter 1 – The World before the Opening of the Atlantic Section Notes Video The Global Economy The Earliest Americans Native American Cultures Trading Kingdoms of West Africa Europe before Transatlantic Travel Maps Land Migrations of Early Peoples Aztec and Inca Civilizations Native American Culture Areas Empires of West Africa, 800-1500 Quick Facts Democracy and Republic Chapter 1 Visual Summary Images Palenque Iroquois Longhouse Trading Centers

2. Paleo-Indians crossed the Bering Land Bridge from Asia to present-day Alaska during the last ice age between 38,000 and 10,000 BC. This movement of peoples from one region to another is called migration. Paleo-Indians and their descendants moved into present-day Canada, the United States, Mexico, and South America. Main Idea 1:Climate changes allowed people to migrate to the Americas. 1 2

3. In what general direction did early people migrate? How did climate change affect early peoples’ migrations? How did warmer climates at the end of the Ice Age affect the Americas? What natural features affected the route people took from Alaska to southern North America? 2 3 4 5

4. In what general direction did early people migrate? • South and East • How did climate change affect early peoples’ migrations? • Land bridge exposed, different food sources • How did warmer climates at the end of the Ice Age affect the Americas? • Created new environments that supported herds of smaller animals that Paleo-Indians hunted • What natural features affected the route people took from Alaska to southern North America? • Glaciers, moutains, rivers 2 3 4 5

5. Early peoples in the Americas were hunter-gatherers, who hunted animals and gathered wild plants. Barter: trading one product for another The warming climate created new environments: climates and landscapes that surround living things. Different environments influenced the development of Native American societies:groups that share a common culture. Culture is a group’s common values and traditions. Climate Affects Early Peoples 6 7

6. Main Idea 2:Early societies existed in Mesoamerica and South America. 7 • Developed around 1200 BC in Mesoamerica • Known for use of stone in architecture and built the first pyramids in the Americas • Civilization ended around 400 BC Olmec 8 • Developed after the Olmec • By AD 200, were building large cities • Created great pyramids, temples, palaces, and bridges • Civilization ended around AD 900 Maya

7. What were some of the major accomplishments of the Mayas? 8

8. What were some of the major accomplishments of the Mayas? • Built stone temples, palaces, bridges, large plazas, and canals to control water flow 8

9. Aztec and Inca 9 • Conquered central Mexico • Founded capital city, Tenochtitlán in AD 1325. It became the greatest city in the Americas and one of the world’s largest cities • By the early 1500s, they ruled the most powerful state in Mesoamerica Aztec 10 • Began as a small tribe in the Andes Mountains in South America • Capital city was Cuzco • By the 1500s, the empire stretched along much of the western South American coast • Known for a strong central government, their architecture, and their art Inca

10. Which early civilization was located in Mesoamerica? Compare the Inca Empire’s region to that of the Aztecs’. Why do you think Peru was settled after Mexico? Which of the four civilizations discussed do you think was the most highly developed? 11 12 13 14

11. 11 • Which early civilization was located in Mesoamerica? • Aztec • Compare the Inca Empire’s region to that of the Aztecs’. • Inca: long, narrow, runs along South American coastline • Aztec: both coastal and inland, closely grouped around Lake Texcoco in present-day Mexico • Why do you think Peru was settled after Mexico? • It was further away from the Bering Land Bridge • Which of the four civilizations discussed do you think was the most highly developed? • Mayas: temples, palaces, and pyramids, structured society • Aztec: large cities, rich, powerful • Incas: large, well run empire 12 13 14

12. Earliest people in North America were hunter-gatherers. Learned to farm around 5,000 BC. The Anasazi was an early farm culture in Southwest. Grew maize, beans, and squash Developed irrigation methods Lived in pueblos, aboveground houses made of heavy clay called adobe Built kivas, underground ceremonial chambers, for religious ceremonies Began to abandon villages around AD 1300 Main Idea 3:Several early societies developed in North American long before Europeans explored the continent. 15

13. Mound Building Cultures • Lived in Mississippi, Ohio, and lower Missouri river valleys • Supported population with agriculture and trade • Built large burial mounds to honor the dead Hopewell 16 • Developed later in same area as the Hopewell • Built hundreds of mounds topped with temples for religious ceremonies Mississippian • Developed throughout eastern North America • Cultures declined and by the 1700s, no longer existed Others

14. How did the Anasazi houses change over time? • What did the Anasazi, Hopewells, and Mississippian societies have in common? 17 18

15. How did the Anasazi houses change over time? • At first they were pit houses dug into the ground; later they were pueblos, with houses on top of each other; also cliff dwellings • What did the Anasazi, Hopewells, and Mississippian societies have in common? • All were farming cultures 17 18

16. Pueblos were made out of adobe or dried earth. Do you think adobe would have been a good building material for the Mississippians considering that they lived in a humid, and often wet, environment? 19

17. Pueblos were made out of adobe or dried earth. Do you think adobe would have been a good building material for the Mississippians considering that they lived in a humid, and often wet, environment? • No, because adobe homes might turn to mud and collapse in wet environments. 19

18. Researchers use culture areas to help describe ancient Native American peoples. Culture areas are geographic locations that influence society. North America is divided into several culture areas, including the Far North, Pacific Coast, California, West, Southwest, Great Plains, and East. Main Idea 4: Geographic areas influenced Native American cultures. 20

19. North and Northwest Culture Areas • Arctic • Long, cold winters and short summers • Inuit peoples in present-day Alaska and Canada • Aleut peoples in Alaska • Fished and hunted large mammals • Subarctic • Long, cold winters and short summers • Dorgrib and Montagnais peoples • Hunters followed migrating deer • People lived in temporary shelters made of animal skins. • Pacific Northwest • Carved images of totems, ancestor or animal spirits, on tall, wooden poles • Held feasts called potlatches • Thrived on abundant game animals, fish, and wild plants 20

20. California Many food sources, such as acorns, fish, and deer People lived in isolated family groups of 50 to 300. More than 100 different languages were spoken. Groups included the Hupa, Miwok and Yukots. Southwest Dry climate Groups included the Apache, Navajo, and Pueblo. The Pueblo irrigated land to grow crops. The Apache and Navajo hunted game and raided the villages of other groups. West and Southwest Culture Areas 20

21. Great Plains Stretched from Canada to Texas and from the Mississippi Valley to the Rocky Mountains Mainly grasslands, with game such as buffalo Used buffalo skins for shields, clothing and coverings for teepees, cone-shaped shelters Matrilineal societies that traced ancestry through their mothers, not their fathers Groups included the Mandan, Pawnee, Arapaho, Blackfoot, and Comanche. Northeast and Southeast Region rich in sources of food and shelter Southeastern groups, such as the Cherokee and Creek, lived in farming villages. The Algonquian and Iroquois were the main groups in the Northeast. The Iroquois formed the Iroquois League, a confederation that waged war against non-Iroquois peoples. Great Plains and Eastern Culture Areas 20

22. Why did some culture areas have fewer groups of people than other culture areas did? Why did Pueblo peoples adopt a sedentary lifestyle? Why do you think so many Native American groups lived along the Pacific coast? What natural features served as boundaries between culture areas? 21 22 23 24

23. Why did some culture areas have fewer groups of people than other culture areas did? • Geographical and climatic conditions may have limited the size of groups; ability to grow food or hunt also impacted the size of the population • Why did Pueblo peoples adopt a sedentary lifestyle? • They learned to grow crops and irrigate their land so they did not need to travel in search of food. • Why do you think so many Native American groups lived along the Pacific coast? • They could catch plenty of food and the climate was mild. • What natural features served as boundaries between culture areas? • Mountains, rivers, lakes 21 22 23 24

24. Explain how the Iroquois lived. Why was the formation of the Iroquois League considered to be a significant political development? 25

25. Explain how the Iroquois lived. Farmers, hunters, and traders who lived in rectangular homes, called longhouses,that housed 8-10 families Why was the formation of the Iroquois League considered to be a significant political development? It united and strengthened politically different Native American groups among other Native American groups. 25

26. Shared religious beliefs Polytheistic: worshipped many gods Religion linked to nature Spiritual forces were everywhere– even plants and animals Shared beliefs about property Individual ownership applied only to the crops one grew Land was for the use of everyone in the village Believed they should preserve the land for future generations Despite shared beliefs, Native Americans on the North American continent were independent culture groups and did not form large empires. Main Idea 5: Native American cultures shared beliefs about religion and land ownership. 26

27. Why do you think the religion of most Native American people related to nature? Because their culture and lifestyle were deeply rooted in nature Spiritual forces were everywhere and should be honored 27

28. What is the difference between a matrilineal society and a patrilineal society? Matrilineal: people trace ancestry through their mothers Patrilineal: people trace ancestry through their fathers 28

29. For hundreds of years, trade routes run by Berbers, a northern African group, crisscrossed West Africa. Eventually though, trade routes were taken over by a succession of West African kingdoms: Ghana Mali Songhai Main Idea 6:West Africa developed three great kingdoms that grew wealthy through their control of trade. 29

30. Slavery existed in Africa for centuries and involved black Africans, who were both slaveholders and slaves. People who were captured by warring groups, criminals, and even relatives of people who owed money, were sold into slavery. Beginning in the 600s, Arab Muslims and Europeans became interested in the slave trade. Slave market increased as Muslim traders bought or seized black Africans to sell in North Africa. Slave trade became important part of West African economy. West Africa was home of many enslaved Africans brought to the Americas. Main Idea 7: Slaves became a valuable trade item in West Africa. 29

32. The Renaissance period brought new ways of thinking to Europe. Began in Italy and spread to other parts of Europe European rulers began to increase their power over the nobles in their countries. Fewer invasions from the outside helped bring a period of peace and stability. Renaissancemeans “rebirth.” Main Idea 8: The Renaissance created a rebirth of arts and learning. 30

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34. Renaissance Economy 31 • Growth of trade and services sparked a commercial revolution. • Mercantilism developed: economy backed by gold and silver where government encourages exports and discourages imports through the use of tariffs • Imports: goods coming into the country • Exports goods leaving the country because they were sold to another country • Tariffs: tax on imports • Italy developed powerful trading cities that served as ports and manufacturing centers. • Banks emerged that kept money for merchants from all over Europe. • Merchants began to create joint-stock companies or businesses in which a group of people invest together in order to reduce individual risk.

35. How does this picture show a thriving economy?

36. 32 TRADITIONAL ECONOMY • based on inheritance and custom • primitive methods and tools • Subsistence farming: growing only enough food to feed yourself or the people in your home • Commercial economy: produces enough goods to meet the needs of the home and have surplus to sell

37. Farming in the most important economic activity 4 out of 5 people were farmers Major shipping towns: Philadelphia, Boston, New York, and Charlestown New England colonies: fishing, shipbuilding, small-scale manufacturing Mid-Atlantic colonies: flour, wheat, and corn Southern colonies: tobacco was the main crop Economic Activities in Early America 33

38. Economic relationship between England and the colonies was a monopoly Monopoly: a single buyer or seller of a product or service. Goods could only be sold to England because of the Navigation Acts Oligopoly: not enough suppliers of a product to create a true competition. Few companies became giants in key fields, such as railroads and steel Free market economy: anyone can enter any area of business and competition is based on quality and hard work. Economic Markets in Early America 34

39. Mercantilism: belief that economic activity should serve the nation, not individuals. English monarchy determined which businesses could trade with the colonies, and in return those businesses paid high taxes to pay for armies and other needs at home. Shipbuilding was a big industry to promote trade with England and the colonies. Capitalism: belief that economic activity serves and enriches individuals and private businesses Private ownership of companies and competition drives business Mercantilism and Capitalism 34

40. Adam Smith 34 • Wrote a book called the Wealth of Nations that is studied by economists today

41. Consumers: people who buy products Laborers: people who produce products Labor unions: organizations who protect the rights of workers Set prices to protect wages Shorter workdays Paid vacations Economic Institutions 34

42. Study of how limited resources are used to produce and distribute goods and services. Economics 34

43. Goods: products are are made and sold (something you can touch) Shoes Clothing Electronics, TVs Games Services: types of work that are done for payment Mechanic Hairdresser Lawyer Doctor Goods v. Services 34

44. Name 3 services. • Name 3 things that could be a mixture of services and goods. • Name 3 goods.

45. Credit: money withdrawn from an account or a bill you owe Monthly utility bills Paying child support Car or house payment All expenses Debit: deposit made to an account or money coming into an account Weekly pay check Winning the lottery Receiving child support All income Understanding Credit and Debit 34

46. There is another definition for credit – promise to pay later – as in a credit card. Creditor: person or company who loans the money, good, or service. Debtor: person or company who borrows the money, good, or service. Understanding Creditors and Debtors 34

47. SUPPLY AND DEMAND What determines the prices in a market? 35

48. Supply: how companies decide which goods and services to produce The amount of profit to be made influences supply Recent example: gas prices Demand: how households decide which goods or services to buy Cost of the product influences demand Recent example: consumers rushing to buy new house How Supply and Demand Work 35

49. Regulations: government rules to protect business and employees Taxes: incentives for businesses to act like government wants Competition: government provides certain services – such as law enforcement – to ensure they are always available What are three ways the government can compensate for market failures? 36

50. Taxes paid in Ben Franklin’s time accounted for 5 percent of the average American’s income. “In this world nothing is certain but death and taxes.” . . . Benjamin Franklin 100 80 60 40 20 0 1789