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Diesel Exhaust Emissions - Toxicity . Diesel exhaust is an EPA-listed mobile source air toxic and probable human carcinogenContains thousands of compounds, including 47 listed air toxics, many of which are individually carcinogenic . Diesel Exhaust and Children's Health. Developing lungs more susceptible to exposure to air pollutants: Smaller surface area, higher inhalation rate = markedly increased exposure.Child respiratory rates are more rapid than adults':Early childhood: 20-40 breat34634
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1. Colorado Clean Diesel Program
Lisa Silva, October 2008
Air Pollution Control Division
Colorado Department of Public Health
and Environment
2. Diesel Exhaust Emissions - Toxicity Diesel exhaust is an EPA-listed mobile source air toxic and probable human carcinogen
Contains thousands of compounds, including 47 listed air toxics, many of which are individually carcinogenic
3. Diesel Exhaust and Children’s Health Developing lungs more susceptible to exposure to air pollutants: Smaller surface area, higher inhalation rate = markedly increased exposure.
Child respiratory rates are more rapid than adults’:
Early childhood: 20-40 breaths/min.
Late childhood: 15-25 breaths/min.
Adults: 12-18 breaths/min.
Exposure is thus greater per child than adult
4. Gauderman Study (Lancet 2006, Vol 368) Children (total n = 3677, ages 10-18) living in proximity to major road or freeway (500 meters) in 12 southern California communities (socio-economically diverse) showed substantial, likely permanent, lung function deficits compared to children living > 1500 meters from major road or freeway.
Both gasoline and diesel exhaust are comprised of many pollutants, including fine particulates (PM 2.5) and numerous carcinogenic compounds.
5. Diesel Exhaust on the Bus Diesel exhaust can aggravate or induce asthma and other pulmonary and cardiovascular disease
UCLA study (2004) found elevated levels of black carbon, particle-bound PAH and NO2 inside school buses
Crankcase emissions are an “extremely strong source” of of PM 2.5 in buses (CATF Three-City Study ’03 -’04)
6. Children’s Exposure to Diesel Exhaust Exposures probably greatest inside school buses, but also at bus stops, other bus idling areas and in traffic (behind buses)
Many children exposed for extended periods twice a day
20 days per month
9 months/year
10 to 12 years
2 x 20 x 9 x 10 = 3600 exposures
2 x 20 x 9 x 12 = 4320 exposures
7. Retrofit Goals Reduce air toxics exposures to children, drivers, parents, teachers and general public from idling buses at neighborhood pickups, on school grounds, in traffic
Reduce fuel usage via engine preheat technology (idling not necessary; saves fuel, thus reducing toxic emissions)
8. Pilot Project in Pueblo, Colorado Partners: Pueblo community, the (Denver) Regional Air Quality Council, EPA Region 8, Xcel Energy, Better Pueblo, CU-Boulder
120 buses at 2 school districts, plus 10 Pueblo municipal buses used by school kids
University of Colorado tested buses on their routes before and after retrofits.
9. Cost-Effective Technologies Engine pre-heaters save ~ 1 gallon per bus per day of operation (cost $1,000 to $2,500 each)
Diesel oxidation catalysts (DOC) – remove 20% of PM and 50% of HC ($1,000 - $2,000 each)
Crankcase filtration (CCF) -- may reduce PM 2.5 emissions from under hood by upwards of 95% ($400 - $700 each, plus replace filter at oil change $50)
Ultra-low sulfur diesel fuel (ULSD) enables the new catalysts
10. Model year buses - Pueblo Priority to retrofit MY 1988 – 2000 large route buses; retrofitted a few newer buses
In Pueblo many were MY 1994 to 1999
11. Air Sampling in Buses Pre- and post-retrofit:
#3 buses run full routes 3 times each, before and after retrofits; open/close doors each stop, etc. Each bus paired with a route/same pre- and post-retrofit
Fitted with:
Small engine pre-heaters
Donaldson Series 6100 DOC
Racor 4500 crankcase filters
12. Air Sampling in Buses PM 2.5 mass - PM 2.5 filter (Teflon) samplers, EPA Gravimetric method
P-PAH, EC, OC, Hopanes – PM2.5 filter (quartz fiber)
Carbonyls – DNPH-impregnated cartridges, EPA Method 11A
Used NIOSH 5040 method for EC and OC analysis; solvent extraction followed by GCMS detection (Riddle et.al., 2007) for P-PAH and Hopanes
Particle number – Continuous – 2 Condensation Particle Counters Model 3007
13. Average in-cabin pollutant reductions
Particle numbers reduced by 30%-41%
PM 2.5 mass reduced by 56%
Elemental carbon reduced by 85%
Organic carbon reduced by 41%
Formaldehyde reduced by 32%
(A few carbonyls did not decrease; Acetone increased – likely a function of catalytic chemistry; however, more toxins and the more potent toxins were reduced)
19. Numerous Program Benefits Direct benefit to children’s health
Direct benefit to community ambient air quality
Assists school districts that would not normally pursue this type of project
Reduced idling and petroleum usage (saving engine wear & tear and cash)
20. Pueblo Pilot Program Initial funding from Rocky Mountain Steel settlement funds (200K)
Subsequent $250K from agreement with Xcel Energy
21. Statewide Needs Estimated 5,000 school buses at 150 school districts may be eligible for retrofits
CDPHE to receive $600,000 for this fiscal year; will apply for DERA funds through 2012
Additional SEP funding ~ $400,000, designated for Garfield and Rio Blanco counties
Exploring possibilities for sustained funding at the state level.
22. Statewide Expansion Logistics Air Division’s Planning & Policy and Mobile Sources programs partnering with EPA, CDE, school districts
Funds to be allocated according to criteria of
Air toxics/diesel emissions in area
Environmental Justice needs
Interest (~ 15 districts have contacted us or EPA)
Special SEP designation of funds
Education, outreach to school districts and fleets
23. Colorado needs We’ve taken care of Pueblo SD’s (~120 buses)
Contacts with
Garfield and Rio Blanco Co. (~150 buses) (SEP $)
Weld Co SD’s (~250 buses) (DERA $)
Huerfano/La Veta (~37 buses)
Granada (McClave SD) (~20 buses)
Limon SD (~15 buses)
Southern Colorado
Colo. Spgs. SD 11 has ~ 142 buses, but there are also, Fountain (63), Cheyenne Mountain (18), Manitou (16), Academy (114)..…
24. More buses than funding this year But we will get to you!
$400K SEP funds for Garfield and Rio Blanco
$600K funds about 140 school buses if retrofitted to the max (using all 3 technologies)
AND…we are investigating funding sources in addition to SEPand DERA, which we anticipate receiving next year and in future.
25. Contact info. Lisa Silva
Lisa.silva@state.co.us
(303) 692-3119
Garry Kaufman
Garry.kaufman@state.co.us
(303) 692-3269