S*r
Flow, Vf, increases angle of attack, Ah. Lift tilted toward the horizontal speed, S*r, propelling the hydrofoil. Pressure increase, dP, in opposite direction from lift. Torque produced, dT, propulsive (if lift overcomes drag). dL. Af. dP. dD. Ah. Ai. Vh. Vf. Af. dT. S*r.
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