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Charcot's Legacy: Hypnosis and Neurological Discoveries

Explore Dr. Jean-Martin Charcot's groundbreaking work in neurology, hypnosis, and psychiatric research, including his contributions to understanding hysteria and pioneering hypnosis techniques. Learn about his impact on society and his enduring influence on psychology and psychiatry.

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Charcot's Legacy: Hypnosis and Neurological Discoveries

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  1. “The Napoleon of Neuroses” Dr. Jean-Martin Charcot aka

  2. Dr. Jean-Martin Charcot Background: Date of Birth: November 29, 1825 Date of Passing: August 16, 1893Age of Death: 68Place of Birth: Paris, FranceProfession: Neurologists and Professor of Anatomical Pathology

  3. Accomplishments • Named and described M.S. • Discovered Charcot Arthropathy • Breakthroughs in the role of arteries in Cerebral Hemorrhaging • Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease (CMT) • 1861-62, Charcot and Alfred Valpian added to and dubbed the term “Parkinson’s Disease” MOST ENDURING WORK ON “H & H”

  4. Hypnosis and Hysteria What is Hysteria? Believed it was a hereditary neurological disorder involved with the nervous system. Relation to Hypnosis? Used to induce a state of hysteria in patients, studying the results.

  5. What is Hypnosis? “A trance-like state that resembles sleep but is induced by a person whose suggestions are readily accepted by the subject” How does it Work? Hypnosis is thought to work by altering our state of consciousness in such a way that the analytical left-hand side of the brain is turned off, while the non-analytical right-hand side is made more alert.  The conscious control of the mind is inhibited, and the subconscious mind awoken.  Since the subconscious mind is a deeper-seated, more instinctive force than the conscious mind, this is the part which has to change for the patient's behaviour and physical state to alter.

  6. Can YOU be Hypnotized?

  7. Medical Impacts Many skepticsHippolyte Bernheim ( a leading neurologist at the time) was known as one of the greatest enthusiasts toward “medical hypnosis”.Axel Munthe (Charcot’s former scientific assistant) even disagreed with such studies. Many were often baffled by any type of science, and with the use of Charcot’s lectures, which were mini-theatrical plays, they fell head over heels for such abstract hypotheses presented.Paved the way for several of his students, including the “Father of Psychology” Sigmund Freud.Developed new form of Psychiatry.

  8. Impacts on Society At first, he was scrutinized by churches for playing the role of god, and not letting one live without fear. Since not initially accepted by fellow physicians, society followed.As time past, he developed more and more uses for hypnosis. It became more accepted as he used fundamental science (i.e. neurons, etc.) to explain his studies.Assisted by his “lectures”, many individuals were strongly influenced

  9. Uses of Hypnosis PhobiasStop Smoking Weight ControlConfidence, Self Esteem, and AuthorityPerformance AnxietySports PerformanceAnxietyInsomniaPsoriasis • Surgical Anesthetic • Criminal Investigations ALL REGARD SOME SORT OF PHYCHOLOGICAL BERRIER!

  10. DO YOU BELIEVE IN HYPNOTISM? vs.

  11. World’s First Face Transplant Janet Tse

  12. Outline • What is Face Transplant? • How is a traditional Face Transplant performed? • How was Isabelle Dinoire’s transplant different and how was it performed? • What is the ethics behind this new form of transplant? • How did the media “promote” this transplant?

  13. What is face transplant? • Face transplant is a surgery for patients with deformed faces from burns, traumatic experiences, or birth defects

  14. Traditional Methods • Traditional methods used skin grafts from patient’s own body • Used skin from body parts such as buttocks, back or thighs • Many surgeries are required before a patient regains limited function of facial muscles

  15. Modern Methods • Isabelle Dinoire had the first modern face transplant • Had another donor’s face transplanted onto her own • Required using immunosuppressant to avoid rejection of the facial tissues • How was it performed? And by whom?

  16. Ethical Issues • 7 Considerations: • Rejection rates and risks • Facial tissue donor • Patient selection and compliance • Exit strategy • Functional Recovery • Societal Implications • Psychological implications

  17. How was the media involved? • News reports • News conferences • Youtube • Pictures • Documentary

  18. Tuberculosis and the BCG Vaccine How the work of Calmette and Guérin changed society and its perspective of TB Neill Mears

  19. Tuberculosis prior to BCG • In France, 300 deaths/100000 people/yr at turn of the 20th century • One of the most persistent diseases: Greeks called it “phthisis” • From 1800-1850 in the US, it was responsible for 20% of all deaths • A surge in deaths as well as the uncertain path of the disease in the 19th century characterized TB thoroughly with mystery, apprehension and bewilderment

  20. Fear of TB and its victims Contagion of Germ theory fueled paranoia (Koch and Pasteur) “Phthisiophobia” and “Bacillophobia” Folklore Vampirism - similar traits Mentality towards TB

  21. Bacille Calmette Guérin Vaccine • Vaccine finally first used in July 1921, providing mainly children with protection • Derivative of virulent Mycobacterium bovis • 1/10000 of 1 mg of M. bovis killed a 400g guinea pig • With a protective waxy coating and resistant to many physical and chemical agents, the slow-growing deadly strain was tamed by Calmette and Guérin in Lille, France • Used transplantation every 3 weeks in potato-beef bile medium

  22. Initial Reaction • Eagerly received worldwide except for hesitation by scientific authorities in the US • “Everybody knows how well the new formula for protection against tuberculosis was received in France and abroad. It flourished, and the dispensary is still the basis of the prophylaxis of tuberculosis.” - Camille Guérin • Lübeck disaster • Death of 75 infants by M. tuberculosis contaminant • Fears heightened of vaccine, but disproved

  23. Basis for Later Treatments • Natural change to form new vaccines • Engineering live bacterial vaccines • Resemblance to M. tuberculosis • Prolonged Persistence • Enhancing the immune response by BCG BCG Phylogeny

  24. Tuberculosis after BCG • In France, only 12 deaths/100000 people/yr in 2004, with BCG as a main contributor • BCG appears to have saved millions of children from progressive TB disease • In contrast to the past, the protection from and diminishment of TB has established negligent behaviour in developed nations • Use of social mobilization to empower individuals and as means to reduce the transmission of TB

  25. An Insufficient Reach • Having calmed public suspicion and fear and instilling protection, the BCG vaccine has prevented many child fatalities • However, BCG has been insufficient as a universal effective vaccine • No protection for adults • Resistant strains of M. tuberculosis • 8 million cases worldwide (2 million deaths annually) • Can its modification provide a solution?

  26. Introduction to AIDS and HIV Difference between AIDS and HIV How is HIV transmitted? Where did it originate?

  27. Animation of HIV

  28. French research on AIDSTherapeutic dendritic-cell vaccine for chronic HIV-1 infection What is the advantage of this vaccine compared to the previous ones? What are the disadvantages? Where was this research done and who were the leading researchers?

  29. How it works Dendritic cells break dead virus into pieces and display the little proteins from the virus on its surface Then the dendritic cell allows your white blood cell to “recognize” the virus and sends a signal to your lymphoid tissue to mass produce white blood cells Since the white blood cells now recognize the virus, they seek and destroy it

  30. Effects? Vaccine was tested in Brazil on 19 volunteers who were already infected with HIV, the virus that causes AIDS. After four months the level of HIV in their bloodstreams were reduced an average of 80 percent After a year, 90 percent reduction in virus particles in their bloodstream Four of them had virus levels so low that they were called “long-term non-progressors” which are a rare group of people infected with HIV who never seem to get sick. The only side effect was the swelling of lymph nodes

  31. Impact on the French society If a vaccine like this is produced with improvement, it will help France to build up its reputation in medical researach and Finance. If this drug is produced, then it would be well sold

  32. Other French research in AIDS • ANRS (Agence Nationale de Recherches sur le Sida) • Pasteur institute • Luc Montagnier

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