The Cuban Missile Crisis 1962

1. The Cuban Missile Crisis 1962 Nuclear Holocaust мы вам покажем кузькину мать Diplomatic Match of Chess

2. Assess the causes and effects of the Cuban Missile Crisis • Three Men Go to War • https://www.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/72b4fbe3-5b9a-4f35-a58c-8894486a6527/cuban-missile-crisis-three-men-go-to-war-clip-2/?#.WprA4pPwa3I

3. The rivalry of Personalities: Frame of Refernces • Be Khrushchev https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N8hLWDdvBm8 • Be Castro https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NHVpuhApSC0 • Be Kennedy https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KJuKpf_8IJ0

4. Why did Soviet support for Castro provoke a major crisis with the US? • Although the Cuban Missile Crisis was a direct confrontation between the US and the USSR, involving neither NATO nor the Warsaw Pact, it had a profound impact on the Cold War both in Europe and throughout the world. • Both sides came to the brink of war but a nuclear conflict was averted. • Compare and contrast the causes, significance, and impact of the Cuban Missile Crisis and the Berlin Blockade. • CMC is the only episode after World War II in which each of the major areas of Soviet–American competition intersected: the nuclear arms race to be sure, ( 1)but also conflicting ideological aspirations, ( 2)‘third world rivalries’( 3), relations with allies,( 4)the domestic political implications of foreign policy,( 5)the personalities of individual leaders. The crisis was a kind of funnel – a historical singularity if you like – into which everything suddenly tumbled and got mixed together. Fortunately, no black hole lured at the other end … • An extract from We Now Know by John Gaddis, published by OUP, Oxford, UK, 1997, p. 261.

5. Official Causes • Castro’s Revolution in Cuba • Deterioration in US-Cuban relations • Failure of Bay of Pigs • Secret Soviet-Cuban accord, August 1962: medium-range missiles installed and defended by Soviet troops

6. Cold War Arms Race: • “You cannot simultaneously prevent and prepare for war." --Albert Einstein • http://www.armageddonletters.com/

7. Cold War Arms Race: • "I know not with what weapons World War III will be fought, but World War IV will be fought with sticks and stones." -- Albert Einstein

8. Location

9. Jupiter Missiles in Turkey

10. History of “Nukes” • From 1945-1949 USA was the only nation to have Nuclear Bombs.

11. The Arms Race Begins In 1949, the Soviets developed the atomic bomb.

12. THE SPACE RACE

13. History of “Nukes” • In the 1950’s Britain, France, and the USSR all have nuclear weapons.

14. “Trinity and Beyond”Chronology of First Five Nations With Nuclear Weapons 1945 July 16 U.S.U.S. explodes the world's first atomic bomb, the ‘Trinity Test’, at Alamogordo, New Mexico. 1949 August 29 U.S.S.R.Soviet Union detonates its first atomic bomb, ‘Joe 1’, at Semipalatinsk in Kazakhstan. It’s a copy of the Fat Man bomb and had a yield of 21 kilotons. 1952 October 3 UK First British atomic bomb, ‘Hurricane’, was tested at Monte Bello Islands, Australia, with a yield of 25 kilotons. 1960 February 13 FRANCE First French nuclear test occurs at Reganne, Algeria, in the Sahara Desert. ‘Gerboise Bleue’ had a yield of 60-70 kilotons. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 1964 October 16CHINA Chinaexplodes its first atomic bomb at the Lop Nor test site on the northeastern edge of the Tarim Basin in the XinJiang Province. It was an uranium 235 implosion fission device named ‘596’and had a yield of 22 kilotons.

15. What was the space race? The space race was a race between the United States and the Soviet Union to explore outer space. Many Americans felt that it would be dangerous to lose this race. They realized that if the Soviets could work or travel in space, they could easily spy on or attack the United States.

16. Definitions of the Crisis • Today, it is known to Americans as “the Cuban missile crisis,” to Soviets as “the Caribbean crisis,” and to Cubans as “the October crisis.” At no other time in history has the world come so close to nuclear war.

17. June 3-4, 1961, Vienna Summit Vienna, June 1961

18. Jackie was truly entertained by K’s jokes and asked K for a space dog’s puppy. She got one soon after returning to Washington

21. The Vienna Summit 1. Easy agreement on neutralization of Laos 2. Fierce debate on the terms of peaceful coexistence – right to a revolution? ( China 1949, Cuba 1959) 3. Germany, Berlin. Major Soviet worry about growing West German potential and East German weakness • Khrushchev repeats his ultimatum to sign a peace treaty with GDR and give it full control over East Berlin • JFK warns of consequences: NATO will act if necessary • Khrushchev says he’s ready for war

22. How was the Cuba crisis linked to the Berlin Crisis? • An added dimension of this crisis was that Kennedy also believed that Khrushchev’s actions were part of a Soviet plan to put pressure on America to get out of Berlin. • Kennedy said to British Prime Minister Harold Macmillan on 22 October, ‘I need not point out to you the possible relation of this secret and dangerous move on the part of Khrushchev to Berlin’; and to his advisers he pointed out that, ‘Our problem is not merely Cuba but it is also Berlin.’ • This, of course, increased the tension further, as Kennedy believed that his decisions would affect not only Cuba, but also Berlin, and thus Europe.

23. The crisis took the terrifying form that it did because … of a simple American misunderstanding that can stand as a metaphor for much of the early cold war. • The officials in Washington thought that their Soviet opponents were playing a complicated game of diplomatic chess, with the various pawns on the international board – Czechoslovakia,Korea, Germany, Egypt, Indochina, and now Cuba – being subtly moved around to the calculate advantage of the Moscow principles. In fact, however, the Soviet leaders – first Stalin now Khrushchev – were not playing chess. They were playing poker. They had a weak hand and they knew it … So they bluffed. The outcome of the Cuban crisis would not have been very different if the Americans had realized sooner which game they were in; but the risks encountered along the way would have been much reduced. • Tony Judt, The Crisis: Kennedy, Khrushchev and Cuba in Reappraisals, Reflections on the Forgotten

24. Czechoslovakia,Korea, Germany, Egypt, Indochina, and now Cuba Korea Indochina Germany Czechoslovakia Cuba

25. Players: Soviet Side Andrei Gromyko, Minister of Foreign Affairs Nikita Khrushchev Soviet Premier Soviet Union Deputy Premier Anatoly Dobrynin Ambassador to the U.S.

26. Players : Cuban Side Fidel Castro Premier of Cuba Raul Castro Head of Military Deputy Foreign Minister

27. Players: American Side John Kennedy U.S. President Robert Kennedy Attorney General Robert McNamara Secretary of Defense Dean Rusk Secretary of State

28. Historical Context • Soviet Insecurity • Missile capability NOT balanced. • Cuban Invasion • Bay-of-Pigs-1961, Operation Mongoose-1962. • Castro nervous. • Build-up • April 1962, Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev conceived the idea of placing intermediate-range missiles in Cuba to provide a real deterrent to a potential U.S. attack against the Soviet Union or Cuba. • Operation “Anadyr “ Little support from Mikoyan and other members of Politburo

29. How successful were early attempts at ‘containment’? • Castro takes over US businesses • January 1961, US breaks off diplomatic relations • April, 1961, Bay of Pigs – 1,400 anti-Cuban exiles attempted to overthrow Castro • Autumn 1962, Cuba has received 1000s of USSR missiles, jets, boats & personnel The US committed $100 million to overthrowing Castro, the CIA tried to sabotage the economy, they even planned to send him an exploding cigar! Why did they go to such lengths after April 1961?

30. 638 ways to kill Castro • Part of the operation Mongoose • The poisoned cigar • The Mafia ice cream plot • The exploding seashell plot and the poisonous diving suit plot • The paramour • The poison pen • Character assassination through LSD-like drugs or debearding

31. Khrushchev admired Castro as a true, real-life revolutionary

32. Solidarity with revolutionaries across the world

33. Personality • Boorish (rude and impolite) • Interrupting speakers • Humiliated people • He once describe Mao (leader of Communist China) as an “old Galosh” translated to “old boot” which means Prostitute or immoral women • He once took off his shoe during an UN General assembly and banged it off the table repeatedly. • WE will show you Kuzkin’s mother ( we will bury you )

34. Why was the USSR interested in helping Cuba? • Cuba was a new Communist state • Cuba provided a launch base for USSR inter-continental missiles (ICMs)ICBM engin balistique à portée intercontinentale • Khrushchev wanted to test strength of new US president, JFK • Khrushchev wanted to force JFK into bargaining over US missile in Europe Why does this cartoonist think that Khrushchev was interested in Cuba?

35. The arms race begins…. • Both countries began developing their weapons so as to be able to ‘outgun’ their opponents. This meant: • developing more powerful weapons • Having more of one weapon than the other side • WHY NUCLEAR WEAPONS? • Cheaper than having a large army • They were a deterrent. • The idea was to have so many missiles that they could not all be destroyed. If one side attacked then it knew that the other could retaliate. This was known as MAD – MUTUAL ASSURED DESTRUCTION. • For some the Arms Race was a test of the strengths of Capitalism v communism

36. 1961 REVIEW THE CHRONOLOGY • January 3rd: US severs diplomatic ties with CubaJanuary 20th: John F. Kennedy inaugurated as US president, after defeating Richard Nixon in the November 1960 election.April 12th: USSR launches the first man in space, cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin.April 15th: CIA-backed invasion of Cuba via the Bay of Pigs is defeated.June: The US begins installing nuclear-capable Jupiter missiles in Turkey, increasing its capacity to launch against the USSR.June 4th: Khrushchev issues another ultimatum on Berlin, giving the Allies six months to withdraw from the city.July 25th: John F. Kennedy calls for increases to the US military, in response to Khrushchev’s ultimatum.August 13th: East German troops close the border with West Berlin and begin construction of the Berlin Wall.October 27th: Beginning of a tense two-day stand-off between US and USSR tanks at Checkpoint Charlie in Berlin.October 31st: USSR detonates ‘Tsar Bomba’, at 50 megatons the most powerful nuclear device ever tested.

37. 1962 REVIEW THE CHRONOLOGY • February 10th: Detained U2 pilot Gary Powers is returned to the US, in exchange for a captured KGB agent.October 15th: CIA reports that surveillance photographs reveal the installation of Soviet nuclear missiles in Cuba.October 22nd: John F. Kennedy speaks on television, announcing a naval blockade of Cuba to extract the missiles.October 26th: US military sets DEFCON 2, prepares ballistic missiles and stocks B-52 bombers with nuclear weapons.October 29th: Khrushchev announces the withdrawal of the missiles, following backroom negotiations with the US.

38. Why was there a nuclear arms race? USSR 76 IBMs 700 Medium range bombers 1,600 bombers 38,000 Tanks 12 Nuclear submarines 495 Conventional submarines 0 Battleships and cruisers US 450 ICBMs (intercontinental ballistic missile) 250 Medium range missiles 2,260 Bombers 16,000Tanks 32 Nuclear submarines 260 Conventional submarines 76 Battleships and carriers

39. The serious side was…. • That a rocket that could launch a satellite could also launch a nuclear warhead at a target. • So space developments led to rapid advances in nuclear weapons. • By 1960 each side had the nuclear capability to destroy the earth • In 1961 Yuri Gagarin, a Soviet cosmonaut was the first man to orbit the earth – the Soviets had the lead. For Khrushchev it was a triumph for communism

40. “Missiles & Machines of War” USN F-8 Crusader SS-4 "Sandal" 1000 km USAF RF-101 SS-5 "Skean" 2000 km USAF U2

41. 1960: The biggest nuclear bomb ever built: “Tsar-bomba”, “Big Ivan”, “Kooz’ka’s Mother” (from old Russian proverb, much liked by Khrushchev: “We’ll show you Kooz’ka’s mother!”

43. October 1961: The world’s biggest H-bomb tested at Novaya Zemlya Island, the Arctic, explosive power – 57 mt

45. Gen. Curtis B. LeMay, Chief of the Strategic Air Command, advocated all-out nuclear war to destroy Soviet Union and Red China

46. Gen. Curtis B. LeMay, Chief of the Strategic Air Command, advocated all-out nuclear war to destroy Soviet Union and Red China • In the spring of 1961 • JFK asks “If your plans for general [nuclear] war are carried out as planned, how many people will be killed in the Soviet Union and China?” • Answer: • 275 mln. instantly • 325 mln. after 6 months • Up to 600 mln. total for Europe and Asia* • http://www.japanfocus.org/-Daniel-Ellsberg/3222

47. A few reminders : Pressure from outside and inside • In 1959, Castro was certainly an anti-US Cuban nationalist, but not a communist. • It was growing opposition from the Cuban middle classes to his economic policies and increasing US hostility to his attempt to adopt a policy of Non-Alignment in the Cold War that caused him to adopt Marxism–Leninism in order to address Cuba’s economic needs and to achieve military protection from the US by forming a relationship with the Soviet Union.

48. Cuba- US + USSR • Friction with the US was also caused by his seizure of property and land owned by the major US firms. • As relations with the US deteriorated during the summer of 1959, Castro made contact with the Soviets and, in February 1960, he invited Deputy Chairman of the Soviet Council of Ministers, Anastas Mikoyan, to visit Havana, Cuba’s capital. • Mikoyan returned to Moscow with a glowing account of the Cuban Revolution, which reminded him of the heroic early days of the Russian Revolution in 1917.

49. Mongoose continues • In March 1960, Eisenhower ordered the CIA to begin equipping and training anti-Castro Cuban refugees for future operations against Castro. • The US also put the Cuban economy under great pressure by no longer buying Cuban sugar or supplying Cuba with oil. REMEMBER OIL EMBARGOS ( ECONOMIC WARS ) • In this increasingly tense situation, Khrushchev threatened in July 1960 to send Soviet troops to Cuba to defend the island if the US dared invade it. • Khrushchev also suggested that the US should declare the end of the Monroe Doctrine.

50. Monroe Doctrine /Platt Amendement • Monroe Doctrine The doctrine formulated by President Monroe of the US (1817–25) that the European powers should not intervene in the affairs of North or South America. • 'Platt Amendment' of 1901-1934 gave the USA control over Cuban foreign policy, the right to station troops and intervene 'to preserve independence;