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Paragraph 1.4. The Dutch Revolt. Charles V strives for unity. Charles V inherits the Netherlands when he was 6 years old. When he was 15 in 1515, he became our king. We were a very independent country. Each province, had a private meeting, the States . They controlled the region.
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Paragraph 1.4 The Dutch Revolt
Charles V strivesforunity • Charles V inherits the Netherlands when he was 6 years old. • When he was 15 in 1515, he became our king. • We were a very independent country. • Each province, had a private meeting, the States. • They controlled the region. • Representatives of those States, went to a national meeting, the States-General. • National decisions were made there, eg taxes for Charles V.
Charles V wanted more power over the provinces. • He appointed nobles to represent him in the provinces. • That were called stadholders. • Through these stadholders he could control all provinces from Brussels. • But often he was somewhere traveling in other countries of his empire. • So he had a governor that would rule in his name. • Charles V and the governor had civil servants and nobles as advisors. • So nobles influenced the rule of Charles.
Philip II • In 1555 Philip II became overlord of the Netherlands. ( son of Charles V) • Four years later he became King of Spain, and he went back to Spain. • His half-sister Margaret of Parma was the governor. • From then on Philip had little contact with the nobility in the Netherlands.
Philip continued the centralizing policy of his father. • The nobility had less power. • He preferred that he could fire civil servants. • Nobles were very angry with Philip. • Also, citizens were dissatisfied with Philip: • They had to pay a lot of taxes for his wars. • And the king deprived them of their freedom to govern themselves..
Also, many citizens were against Philip because he persecuted many Calvinists • He himself was a deeply Catholic and wanted to exterminate Protestantism. • Even Catholics disapproved of his methods.
Iconoclasticfury • 1566: hundreds of nobles went to Margaret of Parma. • They asked her to stop prosecuting the Protestants. • They wanted to warn her. • 1 French advisor then said: Afraid of those beggars? (= Gueux) • A mocking name, but later the rebels called themselves Beggars. ( = geuzen)
Margaret listened: • Temporarily no prosecutions. • This meant that Calvinists started more hedge-preaching again.
In 1566 a preacher raged against the worshipping of saints. • A group of Calvinists went immediately to the nearest church to smash the statues. • This is the beginning of the Iconoclastic Fury. (= Beeldenstorm) • In the following months, hundreds of churches and monasteries were looted.
The Revolt Starts • Philip was furious when he heard of the Iconoclastic Fury. • He sent the Duke of Alva with an army to the Netherlands. • He had to mercilessly punish the perpetrators and the nobles who had failed to prevent the fury. • He formed a special court for this.
Many people fled to Germany and France. • Similarly, William of Orange, Stadholder of Holland, Zeeland and Utrecht. • In 1568, he attacked the armies of Alva. • That was the beginning of the Dutch Revolt, or the Eighty Years' War. (1568-1648) • The attack failed.
Change • Some of the Calvinists had fled with boats and wanted to attack again. They were called the Sea Beggars. • On April 1, 1572 they conquered Den Briel. • From that moment on more cities chose the side of the Sea Beggars. • William of Orange lead the rebellion from Delft.
From the south, the Spaniards started to attack again. • For example, the town of Naarden was conquered without violence. • The city surrendered, but the entire population was slaughtered. • Alva used a lot of violence in order to get cities to surrender. • But it just caused more resistance. • Cities such as Haarlem and Leiden stood fiercely against Alva. • (Haarlem was taken)
The Netherlands becomedevided. • Philip II was waging war on more fronts, such as Turkey. • The treasury became empty, and soldiers were no longer paid. • The Spanish soldiers were on mutiny and strated looting. • Flanders and Brabant suffered from looting and murdering soldiers; "Spanish fury". • The southern states chose the side of free Holland and Zeeland. • But in 1579 they chose the side of Philip.
The rebellious provinces formed their own "country“; Union of Utrecht. • Parts of Brabant and Limburg joined. • Together they fought against Philip.
1580: Philip declared that William of Orange was an outlaw and offered a high reward for those who would murder him. • This way he hoped to crush the rebellion. • In 1581, the Union of Utrecht deposed Philip as their monarch.
Continuing without a monarch • 1581: Brabant and Limburg parts were seized again by Spain. • And in 1584 William of Orange was assassinated by BalthasarGerards. • And in 1585 Spain conquered Antwerp again. • What next?
Philip had to stop the conquest of the Netherlands because he wanted to attack England. • But the Spanish fleet (Armada) sank in 1588 off the English coast. • That was the salvation of the Dutch Revolt. • In 1588 the northern provinces decided to be an independent country without a monarch. • They then were called: Republic of the United Netherlands.
This was not a centrally governed state. • The highest power - sovereignty - was with each province itself. • Together they took care of tasks in the States-General. • The son of William of Orange, Maurice, was stadholder. • That was no longer a stand-in for of the governor, but the military leader of the Republic.
From then on little changed in the war against Spain. • The southern provinces remained Spanish, the Northern regions remained independent. • In 1648: the peace was signed: • Peace of Munster.
