Model of Schema Acquisition

4. Principles and causal Model Principles are simple schemata

5. Reigeluth (1983a) ???????????????????????????????????? Specific in Principles

7. If Causal model describe the principle s ?????????????????????????????? / ??????? . ?? ??????? (Principle) ? ????????????????????????? Often call Theoretical Model , or simply , theory

8. ????????

9. Performance of complex cognitive skill ????????? in terms of 2 fundamentally procedural knowledge ???????? production declarative knowledge ???????? proposition

10. Frame-based approach

14. Result elaboration is Rich knowledge base that provides structural understanding of subject matter The knowledge base is suitable to be operated upon by controlled processes (e.g. reasoning) and it may guide problem solving problem

16. 2 prevailing inductive process

17. While it is commonly assumed that generalization is facilitated by the use of arrange

19. Learning to learn

21. IN SUMMARY KEY PROCSSES in the acquisition of schema are -- elaboration of new information and -- induction on the basis of concrete experience. Induction includes -- generalization and discrimination Elaboration and induction are strategic and conscious processes that can be learn Learner only seem to switch to a less conscious -- more implicit mode of learning if an explicit learning mode cannot be effective because the amount of information to be processed is too is too high or because classification or decision algorithms are unclear

22. Summary .. Page 62 Cognitive schemata are organized , declarative knowledge structures which may vary n the dimension simple to complex , detailed to general , and concrete to abstract Important types of cognitive schemata are concepts and conceptual model , plans and goal-plan hierarchies, principles and causal model, and mental model. Mental model may include different types of knowledge , including procedural knowledge Cognitive schemata allow one to classify problems or sub problem according to their deep structure. They provide a set of general plans and principles for solving problem that belong to the same class The development of cognitive schemata involves elaboration (where new information is connected to existing schemata) and induction (where schemata are (re) constructed or tuned to make them ore in accordance with concrete experiences The Elaboration and induction are consciously controlled, mindful processes. In general , learners will deliberately have to invest effort in the construction of elaboration and induction . However , there may be situation (eg. Large amounts of information , unclear algorithms) in which learners switch to a less conscious, implicit mode of learning