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TWO QUOTES FOR TODAY….

TWO QUOTES FOR TODAY….

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TWO QUOTES FOR TODAY….

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  1. TWO QUOTES FOR TODAY…. The 21st century has opened and will close with two puzzles about the rise of Asia. Today, the puzzle is why Asian societies, long in the doldrums, are now successful. At the century's close, by contrast, historians will want to know why Asian societies succeeded so late, taking centuries to catch up with a Europe that they had outperformed for millenniums…. Centuries of European colonial rule had progressively reduced Asian self-confidence. -- Mahbubani, TIME [T]he Asian bureaucracy, notably in China and India, remained the bastion of intellectual culture, civilization, and tradition. But it was also the inward-looking, self- satisfied complacency of Asian bureaucracy, combined with the corruption and profligacy of the ruling elites, that grossly underestimated the technological ascendancy of the West…. More than anything else, it was the humiliation caused by colonization and war that drove home the realization that Asian institutions had to change everything even down to the core values. -- “The Asian Network Economy in the 21st Century”, by Andrew Sheng http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTEASTASIAPACIFIC/Resources/226262-1158262834989/EA_Visions_15.pdf

  2. IS THE PAST PROLOGUE? NORTHEAST ASIA: The Chinese Heartland China as the “mother ship”: culture, rice SOUTHEAST ASIA Sino-Indic collision in Vietnam Indian reach Ethnic shatterbelt OLD TRADITIONS, NEW STATES Problems Of History, Problems Of Colonialism “History never repeats itself, but it rhymes”

  3. CHINA: THREE PHILOSOPHICAL TRADITIONS CONFUCIANISM LEGALISM DAOISM POLITICAL WARRING STATES ORIGIN CONFUCIAN/MENCIAN DISCOURSE BUT LEGALIST PRACTICE

  4. CONFUCIANISM - SELF-CULTIVATION and “REN” “The 4 Books” Benevolent Rule Attention to “Rites” If things properly ordered, peace and harmony Filial piety - family as key “5 Relationships” - based on “Ren” Ruler/Subject Husband/Wife Parent/child (son) Elder brother/younger brother Friends NEO-CONFUCIANISM : METAPHYSICS

  5. DAOISM Mystical Non-linear Dao De Jing Lao Zi Zhuang Zi “Wu-Wei” Yin-yang And the search for immortality

  6. LEGALISM: Punitive law Low trust Hobbesian The First Emperor Li Ssu The basis of Chinese concepts of power

  7. RELIGION & WORLD VIEW Cyclical change the only constant: the yin & the yang Syncretism NATURE-BASED SHINTO POPULAR DAOISM: local gods and festivals ANIMISM BUDDHISM - A LATE ARRIVAL HINAYANA - “LESSER VEHICLE” MAHAYANA - “GREATER VEHICLE” ISLAM - AN EVEN LATER ARRIVAL CHRISTIANITY - AN INTERESTING HISTORY

  8. EAST ASIA - A HIERARCHY CHINA: AT THE CENTER Son Of Heaven, Tian-Xia Tradition JAPAN: POOR, FRACTURED AND ISOLATED KOREA: BUFFETED BUT PROUD SOUTHEAST ASIA: TRIBUTARY STATES

  9. THE SWINGS OF HISTORY MID-18TH CENTURY: GROWING CONNECTIONS CANTON SYSTEM MID-19TH CENTURY: THE BEGINNING OF THE END OPIUM WAR, TAIPINGS, SELF-STRENGTHENERS, MEIJI LATE 19TH CENTURY: CHINA COLLAPSES, JAPAN RISES, COLONIALISM IN SEA EARLY 20TH CENTURY: CONFLICT CHINA MISERY: 1911, WARLORDS, KMT, CCP JAPAN ADVANCES: MANCHUKUO, “GEACPS” WWII MID 20TH CENTURY: REMAKING THE ASIAN ORDER TAIWAN, COLD WAR/KOREA,”TIGERS” LATE 20TH CENTURY: ASIAN GROWTH

  10. MING-QING CHINA Dynastic cycle The gentry Clans The Qing as non-Han rulers The Qing as a high point of traditional China: Extent of territory, size of population Strong state Strong economy: trade with the world

  11. EARLY WESTERN CONTACT! (but don’t forget the Silk Road!) A large demand for Asian goods But little demand for Western goods The Portuguese Maritime trade 1557 – Macau The Dutch – VOC – Indonesia, Japan Missionaries: Jesuits in Japan, China Xavier in Japan Ricci in China The Spanish - Philippines (1571)

  12. Portugeuse (blue) and Spanish (white) trade routes

  13. And then the Dutch and the English….

  14. REACTION: CLOSING OF JAPAN Persecution of Christians THE RITES CONTROVERSY IN CHINA Jesuits vs Dominicans At issue: Confucianism At larger issue: who rules - the Pope or the Emperor 1724 - Christianity (Catholicism) proscribed Modern echoes…..

  15. AAIIYAA! GUEI!!! Schirokauer, Brief History of Chinese & Japanese Civilizations

  16. “OPENING CHINA” - PART I The Macartney Mission - 1793 Qianlong: “As your Ambassador can see for himself, we possess all things. I set no value on objects strange or ingenious, and have no use for your country’s manufactures” COMING UP? - A “CLASH OF CIVILIZATIONS”?

  17. BUT TRADE IN CHINA CONTINUED…. The Canton system (1760-1842) Follows an earlier pattern Sequester the foreigners, require dealings through co-hongs Unequal tax system It worked well enough but was unsustainable….

  18. OPENING CHINA - PART II The Opium War - still an issue in Asia Lin Zexiu Hong Kong Treaty of Nanking (Nanjing) 1842

  19. THE TREATY SYSTEM (Nanjing & The Bogue) “Unequal” Indemnities Treaty Ports -MFN - Guangzhou, Xiamen, Fuzhou, Ningbo, Shanghai Freedom for missionaries Extra-territoriality

  20. ALL THIS COINCIDES WITH ONE CRISIS AND CAUSES ANOTHER INTERNAL DECAY - Over population Corruption Peasant rebellions CULTURAL - “How could this happen to us?” Impact of foreign ideas

  21. THE TAIPING REBELLION - 1850-1864 Hong Xiuquan Proto-Nationalist? Proto-Communist? Anti-Confucian Capital: Nanjing Defeat by The Self-Strengtheners

  22. Schirokauer, Brief History of Chinese & Japanese Civilizations

  23. THE SELF-STRENGTHENING MOVEMENT WESTERN TOOLS, CHINESE THOUGHT “TI-YONG” “CHINESE LEARNING AS THE BASE WESTERN LEARNING FOR USE” First “modern” militaries - had consequences FOCUS ON INTERNAL AFFAIRS

  24. THE “SELF-STRENGTHENERS” “The situation today [is like the diseases of the human body]…Both the Taipings and Nien bandits…constitute an organic disease. Russia…aiming to nibble away our territory like a silk worm, may be considered a threat to our bosom. As to England, her purpose is to trade, but she acts violently without regard to human decency…she [is] an affliction of our limbs. Therefore, we should suppress the Taipings and Nien bandits first, get the Russians under control next, and attend to the British last.” Schirokauer, p. 170

  25. Schirokauer, Brief History of Chinese & Japanese Civilizations

  26. CONTINUED WESTERN AGGRESSION Treaty of Tianjin Destruction of the Summer Palace Russian gains along the Amur CONTINUED IMPERIAL DECAY CiXi ATTEMPTS TO DEAL WITH THE CRISIS Education reform “State capitalism”

  27. MEANWHILE… • JAPAN IS FORCED TO OPEN ITS BORDERS • THE OPIUM WAR • JAPAN A WAY STATION • PERRY – THE BLACK SHIPS – 1853 • IMPOSITION OF UNEQUAL TREATIES • REACTION: • THE SHOGONATE LEANS TOWARD • ACCOMMODATION • SAMURAI IN THE REGIONS OPPOSE, • URGE RESISTANCE • “SONNO JOI” - 1860 • “REVERE THE EMPEROR, EXPEL THE FOREIGNERS”

  28. THUS, THE MEIJI RESTORATION - 1868 • AN ATTEMPT TO RESTORE “TRADITION”, • LEADS TO MODERNIZATION • WHY? LEADERS REALIZE THAT WITHOUT • MODERNIZATION, JAPAN WILL GO • THE WAY OF CHINA • “THE CHARTER OATH” • GOVERNMENT CENTRALIZATION • “NEW” JAPANESE ARMY • FOREIGN VISITS

  29. THE ROOTS OF “TECHNO-NATIONALISM”?

  30. INTENSE INTEREST IN “THE WEST” • “PROGRESS” • “REASON” • “SOCIAL DARWINISM” • “REALISM” IN FOREIGN AFFAIRS • CONCERN OVER “JAPANESE UNIQUENESS”, • “NATIONAL ESSENCE” • JAPAN’S “ASIAN MISSION”

  31. RISE OF JAPAN MEIJI 1895 - SINO-JAPANESE WAR KOREA, TAIWAN 1905 - RUSSO-JAPANESE WAR KOREA AS JAPANESE COLONY MILITARISM (THE WESTERN MODEL) EYES ON MANCHURIA MILITARISTS IN CONTROL THE WAR TO COME “Asia for Asians” “Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere”

  32. BUT CONTINUED FAILURE IN CHINA Continued defeats - Sino-Japanese War of 1895 Shimonoseki “Scramble for concessions” Yan Fu - “Wealth and Power” “We thought that of all the human race none was nobler than we. And then one day from tens and thousands of miles away came island barbarians…they attacked our coasts…and alarmed our Emperor. …the only reason we did not devour their flesh and sleep on their hides was that we had not the power” --- Schirakauer 195

  33. “THE OPENING” OF CHINA BROUGHT Economic disruption Political difficulties Opium War, unequal treaties, Taipings Rise of anti-Manchu “nationalism” Crisis of confidence Half-way measures Self-Strengthening - “Ti-Yong” Modernization steps Aim: To save the regime Result: Undermined the regime CHINA AS VICTIM: THE CENTURY OF HUMILIATION

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