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Periodic Table The Basic tool of a Chemist

“ … the greatest impediment to progress regarding the chemistry curriculum is our lack of ability to measure whether we have accomplished increased student learning of the kind we really want.” - J. Moore, J. Chem. Ed. 1989. Periodic Table The Basic tool of a Chemist. Dr Seema Khan

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Periodic Table The Basic tool of a Chemist

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  1. “ … the greatest impediment to progress regarding the chemistry curriculum is our lack of ability to measure whether we have accomplished increased student learning of the kind we really want.” - J. Moore, J. Chem. Ed. 1989

  2. Periodic Table The Basic tool of a Chemist Dr Seema Khan DACW PHASE VIII

  3. Time line

  4. High Order Thinking • Concepts development is more important than content overload, and thinking is more productive than memorization. • Chemistry is often concerned with interpreting within a framework. • Describing, explaining, predicting, and identifying cause and effect of a problem and bringing in the solution.

  5. In 21stCentury Class rooms Apply Remember Understand Analyze information Evaluate Critical thinking Transform Cognitive Approach Create Clear Concept

  6. My Action Plan

  7. Goals

  8. Time Line of the Periodic Table330Bc- June 2011

  9. Elements Known From 330 -2011 1000 10 E 1800 27 E 330-450 4 elements 1930 80 E Jacob Berzelius 1828 36 E

  10. Discovery of Elements

  11. Development of the Periodic Laws and the Periodic Table

  12. JOHANN DOBEREINER'S TRIADS(1829)

  13. Law of Octave (1864) • This law gave the concept of periods

  14. Mendeleev Periodic Table

  15. Mendeleev's Predicted Elements 1871 • Eka-aluminium (gallium) • Eka-manganese (technetium) • Eka-silicon (germanium)

  16. The periodic Law • The periodic law that was proposed by Dmitri. Mendeleev that the physical and chemical properties are the periodic function of their atomic weight had one thing in common with the work of • Dobereiner • Newland • Lothar Mayer. And Other scientists of that time isthe ATOMIC WEIGHT.

  17. Moseley's Periodic Law 1913-1914 • Henry Moseley subjected known elements to x-rays. • Derived a relationship between x-ray frequency and number of protons. • Arranged the elements according to increasing atomic numbers. • Observed that some of the inconsistencies of Mendeleev's table were eliminated.

  18. Modern Periodic Law • The physical and chemical properties of an element is the periodic function of its atomic number or proton number(Z) • On this basis, Periodic table is formed using Schrodinger quantum mechanical approach.

  19. Energy Levels showing n and l values

  20. ns1- ns2 • ns2 np1-6 ns2 (n-1) d1-10 ns2 (n-1) d1 (n-2) f1-14

  21. Modern Periodic Table • This division of elements into blocks results in a table of columns and rows. • This is called the modern periodic table. • Also called long-form periodic table.

  22. Concept Map

  23. Elements : Physical State • There are 12 gases, 2 liquids and 100 solids out of 114 elements.

  24. Classification of Elements H

  25. Classification of Elements

  26. The Periodic Table

  27. Role of I U P A C • Blue Book: Organic Chemistry Nomenclature • Red Book: Inorganic Chemistry Nomenclature • Green Book: Symbols, Units, measurements of Physical Chemistry. • Gold Book: Compendium of chemical Terminology containing internationally accepted definitions for terms in chemistry.

  28. Conventions • The old IUPAC system: The letters A and B were designated to the left (A) and right (B) part of the table, this system was frequently used in Europe that is why also called European Convention. • The CAS system: The letters A and B were designated to main group elements (A) and transition metals (B). This was most common in America, so also termed as North American Convention.

  29. Latest IUPAC scheme • The new IUPAC scheme was developed to replace both systems as they confusingly used the same names to mean different things that is why the Convention that is used all over the World isthe IUPAC-ACS 1-18. • This consists of 18 groups with simple numerals 1,2(s Block) 3-12(d Block) and 13 – 18 (p Block) while the f Block at the bottom connected with the Group 3 in 6th and 7th periods

  30. Latest IUPAC Convention H 1 2 18 13 14 15 16 17 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

  31. DESCRIPTION OF PERIODS

  32. DESCRIPTION OF GROUPS

  33. Periodicity • The regular repetition of properties are observed across a period as periodic trend and down the group as group trend.

  34. TRENDS Group Trend Periodic Trend

  35. Electropositivity increases www.google.com Electronegativity increases Correlation of periodic parameters across a period and down the group

  36. Properties and their Trends www.google.com image

  37. Alternative Periodic Table Various representations.

  38. The first alternate Periodic Table by Alexendere in 1862

  39. Latest information • As of June 2011, the periodic table includes 118 chemical elements whose discoveries have been confirmed. Of these, 91 are regularly occurring elements found naturally on the Earth, at least in transient trace amounts, and three others occur naturally, but only incidentally. • The 24 other known elements (those from americium through ununoctium) are synthetic, produced by human • Gray, Theodore (2009). The Elements: A Visual Exploration of Every Known Atom in the Universe. New York: Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers. pp. 240. • From IUPAC Article

  40. The two new • ununquadium Z= • ununhexium, Z= by IUPAC convention. • The committee also reviewed claims associated with elements 113, 115, and 118, but found they are not yet conclusive and thus do not meet the criteria for the confirmation of discovery.

  41. Possible Extension of the Periodic Table • The current standard table contains 7 periods, culminating in ununoctium (118) .. • Elements that are not yet discovered will be placed in additional periods to illustrate recurring trends in the properties of the elements. . • Any additional periods are going to have new orbital ‘g’ containing 9 orbitals = 18 elements constituting the so-called g-block*. • An eight-period table containing this block was suggested by Glenn T. Seaborg in 1969. • It is not clear how many elements are physically possible but the element that can be placed in the 8th period will be 2(s) 18(g) 14(f) 10(d) 6(p) = 50. * • It will start from Z=119 and will end on Z= 168.* 2. www.Wikipedia.com 4. www. iupac.com *: My calculations

  42. The new energy level sequence n l

  43. Practice Bloom

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