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Knower(s)

Theory of Knowledge Diagram. Mathematics. Ways of Knowing. Natural Sciences. Sense Perception. Ethics. Reason. Knower(s). Emotion. Areas of Knowledge. Human Sciences. Language. Arts. History. What do you think of when you hear the word ‘Emotion’ ?. TaK - Emotion.

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Knower(s)

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  1. Theory of Knowledge Diagram Mathematics Ways of Knowing Natural Sciences Sense Perception Ethics Reason Knower(s) Emotion Areas of Knowledge Human Sciences Language Arts History

  2. What do you think of when you hear the word ‘Emotion’? TaK - Emotion

  3. Emotion (noun) • A mental state that arises spontaneously rather than through conscious effort and is often accompanied by physiological changes; • a feeling • “movere” Latin – to move TaK - Emotion

  4. How are you feeling now, at this moment? How do you know? Why do you think you are feeling this way? TaK - Emotion

  5. TaK - Emotion What are emotions for?

  6. Do you think that Emotion is often looked at with suspicion? If so, why? TaK - Emotion

  7. What role does emotion play in producing knowledge? • Knowledge: • Knowing that (theoretical) …. • Knowing how (practical) …. • Knowing someone (familiarity) …. • Knowing what is right (moral) …. TaK - Emotion

  8. To what extent are we able to control our emotions? Has anyone ever said to you, “Stop crying, you’re being irrational!” “You have no reason to be angry!” “There is no reason to be afraid!” Which emotion is the hardest to control? TaK - Emotion

  9. TaK - Emotion • You are walking down a dark alley ... • there are footsteps behind you …

  10. TaK - Emotion Emotion Reason Opposition?

  11. An enemy of reason? or An important precondition for knowledge? TaK - Emotion

  12. TaK - Emotion Emotion Reason Charioteer: Reason Opposition? Horses: Boldness & Desire

  13. TaK - Emotion

  14. TaK - Emotion "Reason is, and ought only to be the slave of the passions" David Hume (1711-1776)

  15. “Nothing great is accomplished in the world without passion” Hegel (1770-1831) TaK - Emotion

  16. TaK - Emotion As we swim along in our sea of experiences and impressions, how do we decide what to notice and therefore what to value?

  17. TaK - Emotion

  18. TaK - Emotion Without emotion … We would feel neither approval nor disapproval; attraction or repulsion; like or dislike… Everything would be of equal value No part of the world would be more important than any another… There could be no interest in any human relationship, in any work, in any play… With no emotions, can there be goals?

  19. TaK - Emotion Emotion Reason Balance?

  20. TaK - Emotion Emotion Reason Balance?

  21. TaK - Emotion Emotion and Reason Emotion Reason Furious Getting annoyed Solving a maths problem Not ‘either – or’, but ‘more - or – less’

  22. TaK - Emotion Why are we attracted to some human faces but not to others?

  23. Knowing emotion through perception TaK - Emotion • How does she feel? • How do you know? • The title is ‘Absinthe’ • Does that affect your interpretation of the picture?

  24. TaK - Emotion Primary or Universal Emotions Happiness Sadness Fear Anger Surprise Disgust

  25. TaK - Emotion Secondary or Social Emotions (Socially conditioned) Embarrassment Jealousy Guilt Pride

  26. TaK - Emotion Secondary or Social Emotions (Socially conditioned)

  27. TaK - Emotion Background Emotions (frequently not conscious) • Well-being / Malaise • Calm / Tension • Fatigue / Energy • Anticipation / Dread

  28. Rationalisations TaK - Emotion Biased Perception Fallacious Reasoning Powerful Emotions Experiences Emotive Language • Bill sees some people he assumes are immigrants standing on the street corner… • He feels irritated and angry … • He notices only lazy immigrants and overlooks hard-working ones … • He makes hasty generalisations from his own experience… • He concludes that immigrants ‘are idle’ and ‘don’t know the meaning of hard work!’ … • The above factors reinforce the original prejudice and • make it difficult for Bill to be objective.

  29. What role does Emotion play in shaping knowledge? TaK - Emotion

  30. Emotions as a source of knowledge Have you ever been in a situation where you had to choose between two equally attractive options? How did you come to a decision? ToK - Emotion

  31. TaK - Emotion What role do you think is usually played by emotion when people decide which universities to apply to?

  32. TaK - Emotion Paul has arranged to meet Tom at 3pm. Tom arrives at 3.02pm and apologises for being late. Rather than accept the apology, Paul starts screaming and shouting about Tom’s lack of consideration and completely loses his self-control.

  33. TaK - Emotion The hospital phones Jane with terrible news. Her husband has been assaulted and is lying unconscious in Intensive Care. “Oh dear”, she says, “that is annoying! I was hoping to play tennis this afternoon, but I suppose I had better come and visit him.” Showing too little emotion is, perhaps, as irrational as showing too much

  34. TaK - Emotion “Anyone can be angry – that is easy. But to be angry with the right person to the right degree, at the right time, for the right purpose and in the right way – that is not easy.” Aristotle What does he mean?

  35. TaK - Emotion • Intuition • Core intuitions - our most fundamental intuitions about life the universe and everything. • All human beings are created equal • My friends are not aliens • Murder is wrong • Life is not a dream • The laws of Physics will not break down tomorrow • Things we consider to be ‘obvious’

  36. TaK - Emotion • Intuition • We sometimes appeal to intuition to justify our knowledge claims in various areas of knowledge about which we perhaps know little, but research suggests that such ‘uneducated’ intuitions should be treated with caution….

  37. TaK - Emotion • Intuition • Subject-specific intuitions – the intuitions we have in various areas of knowledge such as science and ethics • Imagine you are standing on a flat plain holding a bullet in one hand, and a loaded gun in the other. • If you fire the gun horizontally, and drop the bullet at exactly the same time which of the two bullets will hit the ground first?

  38. TaK - Emotion • Intuition • Educated Intuition • ‘Eureka!’ moments

  39. TaK - Emotion • Intuition • Social intuitions – our intuitions about other people, what they are like, whether or not they can be trusted etc

  40. TaK - Emotion Imagine that you are presented with a special gift: a machine - the “Happiness Machine” – that can give you wonderfully positive emotions. All you have to do is hook yourself up ... and switch it on. But there’s a price: once the machine is switched on, you will not remember anything that happened before switching on the machine. Ever again. Do you want to switch the machine on? Why?

  41. TaK - Emotion What is the role of Emotion in your IB subjects?

  42. Some key points: • The emotions are relevant to the search for knowledge because they provide us with energy, affect our thinking and are sometimes used to justify our beliefs • The six primary emotions of happiness, sadness, fear, anger, surprise and disgust are found in all cultures • Emotions are sometimes an obstacle to knowledge. Strong emotions can color our perception, distort our thinking and inflame our language • Rather than think of reason and emotion as opposites, it may make more sense to say that our emotions can themselves be more or less rational • Intuition is an immediate insight into something – sometimes valuable, sometimes to be treated with caution. TaK - Emotion

  43. TaK - Emotion Questions… • How might it be said that all decisions and therefore actions are based on emotion?  Why is it we rely on these feelings as a higher form of certainty than raw, objective empirical data? • What are the flaws in relying solely on emotion as a way of knowing? • Despite these flaws, how do we integrate emotion to create justified true belief? • In what areas of knowledge is emotion important?

  44. TaK - Emotion ToK Essay Prescribed Title 2008: “There can be no knowledge without emotion .... until we have felt the force of the knowledge, it is not ours” Discuss this vision of the relationship between knowledge and emotion.

  45. TaK - Emotion Reason Are we driven more by reason or emotion? Maths How important is intuition in mathematics? Language Is language used more to persuade or describe? Ethics Is ethics more a matter of the heart than the head? Natural Sciences What does biology tell us about the emotions? Emotion Arts Do the arts provoke emotions or purge them? Human Sciences How much of a problem is bias in the social sciences? History What role does empathy play in the historian’s work?

  46. “The most beautiful emotion we can experience is the mysterious. It is the fundamental emotion that stands at the cradle of all true art and science. He to whom this emotion is a stranger, who can no longer wonder and stand rapt in awe, is as good as dead, a sniffed-out candle. To sense that behind anything that can be experienced there is something that our minds cannot grasp, whose beauty and sublimity reaches us only indirectly: this is religiousness. In this sense, and in this sense only, I am a devoutly religious man” Albert Einstein TaK - Emotion

  47. Extras

  48. TaK - Emotion An Emotion Wheel designed by Robert Plutchik in 1980. Eight basic emotions with their opposites. Combinations: Optimism is composed of Anticipation and Joy. It’s opposite is Disapproval. etc

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