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Origin of Agriculture

Origin of Agriculture. Introduction. Knowledge of time and place of origin is important For taxonomists and plant breeders Present day plants are much different than the wild varieties Genetically and morphologically different Several genes (characterisitcs) are selected

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Origin of Agriculture

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  1. Origin of Agriculture

  2. Introduction • Knowledge of time and place of origin is important • For taxonomists and plant breeders • Present day plants are much different than the wild varieties • Genetically and morphologically different • Several genes (characterisitcs) are selected • Loss of plants is loss of gene pools from which new traits can be retrieved

  3. Introduction • Humans turned non-agricultural to agricultural way of life. • Agriculture; horticulture and domestication • Study history by • Carbon dating • Fossils • Phytoliths

  4. Why farm? • Work by Lee and Devore • !King bushmen of Kalahari desert of southern Africa • Selected plant for adequate diet • 105 species were used • Did not work hard • Not due to mal-nutrition or poverty • Not revolution but evolution

  5. De Candolle (1883) • Pioneering work • Criteria for recognizing centers of origin • Places where a plant grows spontaneously in a wild state • Places where fragments of plants in old deposits and buildings (archeological and palaeobotanical) are found • Archives describing the adventures of travelers. • Philogical (naming) origin

  6. Vavilov (1927) • Center located in 20-45 degrees latitude • 6-8 centers • China • India • Central Asia • Near East • Mediterranean • Ethiopia • Mesoamerica • South America

  7. Zhukovsky (1968) • Megagene centers    • China • Indochina - Indochina • Australia - New Zealand • India • Central Asia • West Asia • Mediterranean • Africa • Europe - Siberia • Mexico & Central America • N. America

  8. Centers of Origin • Primary center: Places where initial formation of species has taken place • Secondary centers: new species formed due to mutations and hybridization. Has wide variety of subspecies

  9. Harlan (1971 and 1992) • Centers and non-centers: three each • Recently related biomes to cultivation • Tundra – no cultivation • Tropical: Sugar cane, banana, orange, mango and cocoa. Root crops and coffee • Temperate: cheery, apple, pear, grapes walnut, millets and wheat • Mediterranean: maize, rice, sorghum, cassava, sweet potato, bean, peanut, yams • Sea coast: coconut, cabbage, cotton, beet

  10. Old World Centers • The near east: 9,000 – 14,000 years ago. Fertile crescent of Mesopotamia. Wheat, barley, peas and vetch • The far east: 7,000- 8,000 years ago. China, Thailand, India. Rice, millet, rape and hemp

  11. New World Centers • Eastern North America: Cherokee Sunflower and cranberries • Western North America: Pueblo Dwellers Trees and shrubs; pine nuts and pigweed • Mexico: Aztecs and Mayans; Corn and beans • South American: Inca; Potato and chocolate

  12. Agriculture to day • 3% of land is used for cultivation • US: 1.9 billion acres • 310million acres for crop • 650 million acres for animal • Four major crops: 80% Corn, wheat soy and hay • All fruits and vegetable – 7% land • Cotton – 4%

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