Understanding Ecology and Ecosystems

1. Understanding Ecology and Ecosystems

2. Next Generation Science/Common Core Standards Addressed! HS‐ESS2‐2 .Analyze geoscience data to make the claim that one change to Earth’s surface can create feedbacks that cause changes to other Earth systems. [Clarification Statement: Examples should include climate feedbacks, such as how an increase in greenhouse gases causes a rise in global temperatures that melts glacial ice, which reduces the amount of sunlight reflected from Earth’s surface, increasing surface temperatures and further reducing the amount of ice. Examples could also be taken from other system interactions, such as how the loss of ground vegetation causes an increase in water runoff and soil erosion; how dammed rivers increase groundwater recharge, decrease sediment transport, and increase coastal erosion; or how the loss of wetlands causes a decrease in local humidity that further reduces the wetland extent. HS‐ESS2‐2. Construct an argument based on evidence about the simultaneous coevolution of Earth’s systems and life on Earth. [Clarification Statement: Emphasis is on the dynamic causes, effects, and feedbacks between the biosphere and Earth’s other systems, whereby geoscience factors control the evolution of life, which in turn continuously alters Earth’s surface. Examples of include how photosynthetic life altered the atmosphere through the production of oxygen, which in turn increased weathering rates and allowed for the evolution of animal life; how microbial life on land increased the formation of soil, which in turn allowed for the evolution of land plants; or how the evolution of corals created reefs that altered patterns of erosion and deposition along coastlines and provided habitats for the evolution of new life forms.] [Assessment Boundary: Assessment does not include a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms of how the biosphere interacts with all of Earth’s other systems.

3. Learning Objectives • Define ecology and ecosystems. • Explain natural selection and succession. • Define homeostasis. • Identify communities found in nature. • Explain population ecology. • Describe food relationships found in nature. • Identify biomes and explain ecosystem diversity.

4. Abiotic factors Adaptation Aquatic communities Biome Biotic factors Carnivore Communities Competition Distribution Dominant species Ecology Ecosystem Ectothermic Emigration Endotherm Food chain Food web Habitat Terms

5. Herbivore Homeostasis Homeotherm Immigration Mortality Natality Niche Omnivore Poikilotherm Population density Population ecology Predation Selection Species diversity Succession Terrestrial communities Terms

6. What is an ecosystem? • Write down all of the differences you observe in this picture. • Are there a number of ecosystems and different organisms thriving in this ecosystem?

7. Ecology • The study of how organisms exist in their environment. • How nature is organized and the roles that each organism plays within its environment can be explained through the science of ecology.

8. Ecosystem • Where an organism lives within the environment. • An ecosystem can be as large as a rain forest or as small as a pond. • There are two types of factors found within an ecosystem, biotic and abiotic factors.

9. Biotic Factors • Living things found in an ecosystem. Bio- means life. • Biotic factors include plants and animals. • The biotic factors need the abiotic factors to live.

10. Abiotic Factors • The non-living things found in an ecosystem. • Abiotic factors include water and temperature.

11. Natural Selection and Succession • Selection and succession are examples of change that occur within an ecosystem. • Without change, ecosystems could not survive.

12. Natural Selection and Succession • Adaptation is an organism’s ability to tolerate change in its environment. • Adaptation is necessary for survival. • The theory of evolution and adaptation of organisms is credited to Charles Darwin.

13. Selection • The survival of organisms that are best adapted to their environment. • Adaptation occurs because the species goes through change over time. • Many of these changes occur through genetics.

14. Succession • The replacement of one community by another. • Succession occurs naturally over time.

15. Succession • The rate of succession can be altered by humans, however. • For example, humans may reduce the amount of a specific fish species in an area by over-fishing.

17. External Environment • All organisms must deal with changes in their external environment. • Failure to deal with these changes can cause elimination of the species. • External environmental factors such as moisture, temperature, and climate can affect homeostasis.

18. Homeostasis • The process in which organisms maintain a constant internal environment when the external environment changes. • An example of homeostasis in animals is sweating in warm temperatures and shivering in cool temperatures.

19. Homeostasis • Some animals can tolerate a variety of temperatures. • Examples of these types of animals include homeotherms and poikilotherms.

20. Homeotherm • An organism that maintains near constant internal temperature despite the temperature of the environment. • Humans, horses, deer, and dogs are examples of homeotherms. • Homeotherms are warm-blooded or endotherms. • An endotherm is an organism that can maintain a constant body temperature.

21. Poikilotherms • An organism that has a body temperature that equilibriates with the environment. • Snakes, fish and turtles are known as poikilotherms. • Poikilotherms are considered ectothermc. • An ectothermic organism does not have a constant body temperature.

22. Communities • Collections of organisms that live together. • Each organism or species of organisms is its own individual. • However, they all react and interact with each other.

23. Habitat • The physical environmental characteristics of a community. • A habitat includes biotic and abiotic factors. • A niche is the function of an organism within its community.

24. Communities • Communities can be found in the water and on the land. • Interaction does occur between these two types of communities. • This interaction can be good, for example some aquatic animals such as alligators can live on both the land and in the water.

25. Communities • Sometimes though, the interaction can be bad. • For example, water runoff can erode soil from the terrestrial community into the aquatic community. • This excess soil is considered pollution.

26. Aquatic Communities • Communities that occur in the water. • Aquatic plants include water chestnuts and water hyacinths. • Aquatic animals include fish, shrimp, and eels.

27. Terrestrial Communities • Communities found on the land. • Trees, soybeans, and grass are examples of plants found in a terrestrial community. • Sheep, cattle, and hogs are examples of terrestrial animals.

28. Dominant Species • Within a community one species may begin to take over. • A species that is stronger or has an advantage over another species and is capable of altering the community for other species.

29. Species Diversity • Refers to a variety of different types of organisms living in a community. • The greater the variety, the greater the species diversity.

30. Population Ecology • The study of how plant and animal populations within a community affect each other. • Can be affected by the attributes of density, age, distribution and is also affected by population growth, competition, and predation.

31. Population Density • The measure of how crowded organisms are in their environment. • Because organisms compete for resources, keeping a balance is important. • If the population is too high, some organisms will die.

32. Population Age • Three groups of ages are prereproductive, reproductive, and postreproductive. • Prereproductive organisms are young and have not reproduced • Reproductive organisms are in the process of reproducing, • Postreproductive organisms are past the stage of reproducing. • To be productive, a community should contain each of these three age groups.

33. Distribution • A description of how organisms are distributed within their community.

34. Population Growth • Determined by immigration, emigration, natality, and mortality. • Immigration is the act of an organism moving into a habitat. • Emigration is the act of an organism moving out of a habitat. • Natality is the production of new individuals in a habitat. • Mortality is the death rate in a population.

35. Competition • The use of the same resources by different organisms to live. • Population ecology can also be affected by competition. • All resources are limited in supply. • Because of this, some organisms will die or will be forced to move to other communities to survive.

36. Predation • One living organism serving as food for another organism. • The organism that consumes another is called a predator, the organism being consumed is called the prey. • Cannibalism, or the eating of your own kind, is also considered predation.

37. Food Relationships in Nature • All living organisms need some type of nourishment to live. • This nourishment usually comes from food. • A food chain is the order in which organisms obtain their food.

38. Food Chain • Each species has its own food chain. • Food chains intertwine to form food webs. • A food web is the interconnection of food chains within a community.

39. Food Web • Within a food web, animals are grouped according to the types of food they consume. • These groups include herbivores, carnivores, and omnivores.

40. Herbivore • An animal that eats only plants for food. • Examples of herbivores include bison and grass carp.

41. Carnivore • An animal that eats only animals for food. • Examples of carnivores include hawk’s, coyotes, wolves.

42. Omnivores • Animals that eat both plants and animals. • Examples of omnivores include bears and catfish.

43. Biome • An area made up of a distinct combination of plants and animals. • Biomes are made up of the groups of ecosystems found on earth. • Biomes are terrestrial or aquatic in nature.

44. Types of Terrestrial Biomes • Tropical forests are found near the equator. • Temperate forests can be found in warm, semiarid, cold, and wet areas. • Grasslands and savannas are areas where grasses grow. • Tundra and taiga are cold areas found near the Arctic. • Deserts are areas with little or no rain fall.

45. Aquatic Biomes • Include lakes and ponds, streams, oceans, and wetlands and estuaries. • Lakes and ponds are inland areas of freshwater. • Streams are ecosystems made up of flowing water. • Oceans are large bodies of saltwater. • Wetlands and estuaries are areas found near bodies of water.

46. Review / Summary • Define ecology and ecosystems. • Explain natural selection and succession. • Define homeostasis. • Identify communities found in nature. • Explain population ecology. • Describe food relationships found in nature. • Identify biomes and explain ecosystem diversity.

47. The End!