Review

1. Review • What is a simple sentence? • Independent clause • Has a subject and a verb • Makes sense • What is a compound sentence? • Two independent clauses joined together • What is a coordinating conjunction? • FANBOYS: Words such as and, but, for, or, so, nor, yet • What is a transitional word or phrase? • Word or phrase that joins two independent clauses

2. review • What kind of punctuation do you use with a transitional word or phrase? • What kind of punctuation do you use with a coordinating conjunction? • What are some examples of prepositions? • What is the difference between a pronoun and a proper noun? • Pronoun – takes the place of a noun (he, she, it, them, etc.) • Proper noun – name of a specific noun (Paris, Batman Returns, etc.)

3. review • You can ask ______ or ______ the sentence is about in order to find the subject. • Hint: Try putting a pronoun in front of whatever you think is the verb. If it doesn’t make sense, it’s not the verb: • Jessica was angry at her little brother for dropping her cell phone. You might think “angry” is the verb, but if you put a pronoun in front of angry, it doesn’t make sense: She angry. What is the correct verb?

4. I AM NOT FOND OF SNAKES, ___ I LIKE SPIDERS EVEN LESS. • Which coordinating conjunction can be used? • What is the first independent clause? • What is the verb in the first independent clause? • What is the subject in the second independent clause? • Are there any prepositional phrases? If so, what are they?

5. Anne wedged her handbag tightly under her arm, for she was afraid of muggers. • What is the second independent clause? • What is the verb in the first independent clause? • What is the verb in the second independent clause? • What is the subject in the second independent clause? • Are there any prepositional phrases? If so, what are they?

6. Complex Sentences Chapter 17 p. 271– 282

7. Simple or Compound Sentence? • The weather was cold and windy, so Al brought a thick blanket to the football game. • I love dancing, singing, and performing in front of crowds. • Jennifer stayed up all night to study for tomorrow’s test. • My son can’t eat peanut butter snacks or sandwiches, for he is allergic to peanuts. • I didn’t have enough money to buy my parents an anniversary present, so I offered to mow their lawn for the whole summer.

8. Complex sentences • An independent clause can stand alone as a sentence: • The art exhibit was controversial. • A dependent clause cannot stand alone as a sentence. Even though it might have a subject and a verb, it will not be able to stand alone as a sentence: • Because the art exhibit was controversial • An independent clause must be added in order to complete the idea begun in the dependent clause: • Because the art exhibit was controversial, many people came to see the paintings.

9. Complex sentences

10. Subordinating conjunctions • Words such as although and because (see p. 126 for list) • Joins two simple sentences (independent clauses) and indicates the relationship between them: • Muhammad Ali was stripped of his heavyweight title for refusing to go into the army. Many people admired his antiwar position. • Although Muhammad Ali was stripped of his heavyweight title for refusing to go into the army, many people admired his antiwar position.

11. Subordinating conjunctions • Subordinating conjunctions that indicate time • After, before, since, until, when, whenever, while: • When the whale surfaced, Ahab threw his harpoon. • Subordinating conjunctions that indicate reason or cause • As, because: • Scientists scaled back the project because the government cut funds. • Subordinating conjunctions that indicate result or effect • In order that, so that: • So that students’ math scores will improve, many schools have begun special programs.

12. Subordinating conjunctions • Subordinating conjunctions that indicate condition • Even if, if, unless: • The rain forest may disappear unless steps are taken immediately. • Subordinating conjunctions that indicate contrast • Although, even though, though: • Although Thomas Edison had almost no formal education, he was a successful inventor. • Subordinating conjunctions that indicate location • Where, wherever: • Pittsburgh was build where the Allegheny and Monongahela Rivers meet.

13. Punctuation with subordinating conjunctions • In a complex sentence, use a comma after the dependent clause. Do not use a comma after the independent clause: • Although she wore the scarlet letter, Hester carried herself proudly. • Hester carried herself proudly although she wore the scarlet letter.

14. Relative pronouns • What is a pronoun? • Takes the place of a noun (he, she, they, it, etc.) • Relative pronouns (such as who, that, which) join two simple sentences: • Pit bulls were originally bred in England. They are often trained to be very aggressive. • Pit bulls, which were originally bred in England, are often trained to be very aggressive. • The relative pronoun always refers to a word in the independent clause.

15. Relative pronouns • That • What • Which • Whatever • Who (whose, whom) • Whoever (whomever)

16. Relative pronouns Last week I had a job interview. It went very well. • Last week I had a job interviewthat went very well. Transistors have replaced vacuum tubes in radios and televisions. They were invented in 1948. • Transistors, which were invented in 1948, have replaced vacuum tubes in radios and televisions. *Note: sometimes dependent clauses are embedded within independent clauses

17. Review • What is an independent clause? • A simple sentence; can stand alone • What is a dependent clause? • A clause that cannot stand alone as a sentence, even if it has a subject and a verb (because it doesn’t make sense). • What is a complex sentence? • Consists of one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses. • What does a subordinating conjunction do? • Joins two simple sentences (independent clauses) and indicates the relationship between them • T or F: You do not need a comma after a dependent clause. • False