Window Certifications: What’s In A Label?

1. Window Certifications:What’s In A Label? A Brief Look at Window Certification Programs of Relevance To Passive House Design in the US Prepared by Alison Ray of Alpen HPP For the North American Passive House Conference October 19, 2013

2. OVERVIEW • Introduction • Why Certify? • Structural Performance Certifications • Thermal Performance Certifications • Passive House Certifications • Other Window Certifications • Closing Thoughts: Open Discussion

3. WHY CERTIFY? • Accurate, Useable Performance Data • Product Comparison • Validation • Code Compliance • Manufacturer Credibility • Quality Assurance • Energy Efficiency & Comfort • Durability & Longevity • Purchase guarantee • Occupant safety and well being • Certifications can serve as assurance of performance, providing designers and homeowners freedom to focus on other valuable elements like color, style and material use

4. PRESENTATION OVERVIEW • STRUCTURAL PERFORMANCE • THERMAL PERFORMANCE • PASSIVE HOUSE • SIMULATION • PHYSICAL TESTING • ACTUAL INSTALLED PERFORMANCE • FULL WINDOW TESTING • INSULATED GLAZING CERTIFICATION • CERTIFICATION AGENCIES • AAMA, NFRC, PHI, PHIUS, IGCC/IGMA, WDMA, NAMI, CSA, BFRC….

5. STRUCTURAL PERFORMANCE

6. STRUCTURAL PERFORMANCE Commonly refers to: • Performance Grade (R, LC, CW, AW) • Design Pressure • Air Infiltration Resistance • Water Infiltration Resistance • Deflection – CW & AW only New to 2012 IRC/IBC: All fenestration products must be AAMA/WDMA/CSA 101/A440-11 tested and labeled Sample image of physical testing (www.officinetosani.com)

7. STRUCTURAL CERTIFICATIONS: NORTH AMERICA • US & Canada: • North American Fenestration Standard • AAMA including Gold Label • WDMA including Hallmark • CSA A440 Purpose: to establish and provide a material-neutral metric for rating window durability, safety, strength and longevity in service.

8. BEHIND A STRUCTURAL PERFORMANCE LABEL:AAMA GOLD EXAMPLE • AAMA Gold Label • Full Window • Components Testing • Thermal Certification • Physical Testing • Manufacturing/Plant Controls • NFRC Certification • Plant Inspections (2x per year) • Equipment Calibration • Verified Component Database (suppliers) • Initial Test (every type, every class) • Simulation • Quality Assurance Program Inspection Quality Control • Renewal Certification (every 4 years) • Full-Window Physical Test (every 4 years) • IG Certification • ASTM E 2190 (by window mfg. or IG supplier) • Verified Component Compliance Review • Random In-Line Product Testing (during audits or mfr. QC prog. cycle) Quality Assurance • IG Certification Prog. Reqmnts

9. STRUCTURAL PERFORMANCE: PASSIVE HOUSE • Passive House: • Applicable code-required certifications/performance classifications (could utilize AAMA/CSA/WDMA testing) • Physical testing of actual installed windows • Blower Door • Infrared Camera • PHIUS+ & PHI Rater Inspection Checklists • Others?

10. THERMAL PERFORMANCE

11. THERMAL PERFORMANCE Describes: • Energy Efficiency & Comfort • Function of Heat Loss/Heat Gain Measured by: U-Value (R-Value) Solar Heat Gain Coefficient Visible Light Transmission Condensation Resistance Air leakage

12. THERMAL CERTIFATION: US • United States • NFRC • NFRC Rating System (1989) • Whole Window • Standardized sizes, vary by type • Fixed/Picture: 47” x 59” • Casement: 24” x 59” • Required for IBC, IRC, IECC code To claim higher-than-default-table perf • Simulation and Physical Testing • ISO 15099 / NFRC 100-2010 • 2010: Mandatory IG Certification

13. 2012 IECC RESIDENTIAL PERSCRIPTIVE WINDOW REQUIREMENTS “Regardless of chosen compliance path, the following fenestration energy properties are critical for compliance with the code: U-factor, solar heat gain coefficient (SHGC), air leakage, and possibly visible transmittance. These properties must be provided as certified ratings determined by independent laboratories in accordance with National Fenestration Ratings Council (NFRC) standards. “ - “Windows for High Performance Commercial Buildings,” University of Minnesota Center for Sustainable Buildings Research, 2013. www.commercialwindows.org www.efficientwindows.org/standards_codeoverview.php

14. THERMAL CERTIFICATION: CANADA • Canada • CWDMA • CSA A440.2 (NFRC also recognized) • Whole-Window Energy Rating (ER) • Standardized Sizes, Vary by Type • Limited Building Code Requirements Thermal certification not mandatory in most jurisdictions • IG Testing Optional • ISO 15099 / NFRC 100-2010 • Label includes both thermal and structural performance information

15. THERMAL CERTIFICATIONS PROGRAMS • European Union • BFRC • Window Energy Rating System (EWERS) – Est. 2001 • Whole Window Energy Properties, Standard Sizes by Type • EN 10077, EN 673 • Traffic-light style rating system for consumers shows estimated energy loss per year • Advocates selection of high SHGC windows Image from: http://www.bfrc.org/consumer/

16. THERMAL CERIFICATIONS: PASSIVE HOUSE • Passive House • PHI & PHIUS • Based on Component, Whole Window and Installed Performance • Whole-window performance, same size for all window types – casement and picture window same • Simulation only (cost-sensitive approach) • EN 10077, EN 673, PHI and PHIUS procedural docs • Provides validated component performance data for PHPP/WUFI • PHI or PHIUS window certification are not prerequisite for whole-building Passive House Certification Image from Passive House Institute: http://www.passivhaustagung.de/Passive_House_E/window_U.htm

17. THERMAL PERFORMANCES:DIFFERENCES STANDARDS, DIFFERENT RESULTS • Thermal (U-value) differences well documented • Ongoing international/inter-agency collaborative effort toward crossover programs

18. BEHIND A THERMAL PERFORMANCE LABEL:NFRC EXAMPLE (IGCC/IGMA frequent in commercial specs) • Simulation Lab • Independent/3rd Party • Approved/Certified 3rd Party Test Facility

19. NFRC IG CERTIFICATION PROGRAM • 2010 - NFRC 706: Mandatory use of independently tested and certified IGs • Testing and Inspections – Rigorous, Thorough and Frequent • Manufacturer Responsibilities • Pass bi-annual in-plant inspections • Maintain documented, inspected quality assurance programs • Follow all requirements for proper labeling and reporting • Physical testing every 2-years – IG durability and gas containment • EG: ASTM E 2190 (among other standard tests) Images from Northeast Window & Door Association, “Insulating glass units and how they fail testing.” www.nwda.net/presentations/10%20QC%20Fill%20Rate.pdf

20. IG CERTIFICTION ASTM E 2190 • ASTM E 2190 is a harmonized standard test protocol adopted by the U.S. and Canada for evaluating insulating glass (IG) performance, durability, and longevity. There are three main parts to the standard: • High Humidity Test subjects samples to high humidity and temperature with the objective of forcing moisture into the sealed air space in an IG unit. Specimens are tested for 42 days and subjected to 95% ±5% relative humidity. • Accelerated Weather Cycling simulates weather cycling from hot to cold extremes with moisture added during the hot cycle. Specimens are tested for 63 days and subjected to 252 cycles. • Volatile Fog Test shows that components, or trapped impurities, will not out-gas a volatile fog, which could result in a deposit on the interior glass surface. No fog must be visible at arm's length

21. IG TESTING & CERTIFICATION Even if NFRC ratings are not required on a project, the IG Certification program provides consumers with assurances that insulated glazing units have been tested and manufactured to meet rigorous quality standards.

22. PASSIVE HOUSE “The use of high quality building components [like those in the Certified Passive House Component Database] is key, but simply using Passive House suitable components does not make a building a Passive House.” -”Passive House Certification Criteria,” IPHA http://www.passivehouse-international.org/index.php?page_id=150

23. THERMAL CERIFICATIONS: PASSIVE • Passive House • PHI & PHIUS • Based on Component, Whole Window and Installed Performance • Whole-window performance, same size all types • Simulation only (cost-sensitive approach) • EN 10077, EN 673, PHI and PHIUS procedural docs • Provides validated component performance data for PHPP/WUFI • PHI or PHIUS window certification are not prerequisite for whole-building Passive House Certification

24. PASSIVE HOUSE INSTITUTE (PHI) Certified Passive House Component • Simulation and review/validation • PHI provides consultation assistance and simulation of design variants • Publishes results in clear, concise certificate including window, frame, spacer and installation U-values • Product listing on Passive House Institute website component database Minimum performance requirement: • Uw > 0.80 • Uw,install > 0.85 Certified windows mostly European This year Northwin Windows became one of the first North American window manufacturers to complete certification and become a Certified Passive House Component by PHI Image from Passive House Certified Component Database, http://www.passiv.de/komponentendatenbank/en-EN

25. PASSIVE HOUSE INSTITUTE CERTIFICATION PROCESS FOR GLAZINGS AND TRANSPARENT COATINGS

26. PASSIVE HOUSE INSTITUTE REGIONAL/CLIMATE-ZONE RECOMMENDATION Image from “Certification Criteria for Certified Passive House Glazings and Transparent Components,” June, 2012. Passive House Institute . http://passiv.de/downloads/03_certification_criteria_transparent_components_en.pdf

27. SAMPLE PASSIVE HOUSE TRIPLE PANE WINDOW ACCORDING TO NFRC An industry leading European uPVC window manufacturer with Passive House certifications on some of their lines has undergone certification and simulations to both PHPP and NFRC rating formats. This offers a unique opportunity for comparative study of both U-value and SHGC differences between results when modeled to different standards/conditions. Image from NFRC Certified Product Database: www.nfrc.org

28. PASSIVE HOUSE INSTITUTE (PHI) • Minimum performance requirement: • Uw > 0.80 • Uw,install > 0.85 • PHI currently only offers certification for arctic, cold and cold-temperate climates • Simulation procedure and acceptance criteria is a completely different language, method and approach compared to North American programs • Simulation software based on BISCO and WinDat - common to Europe • No opportunity to re-use simulated filesets derived from NFRC cert. process These factors may contribute to the lack of participation by North American window manufacturers: the program may be perceived as inaccessible, foreign, or too complex/confusing to be appealing or encourage participation. Perhaps the market value is also perceived to be too small?

29. PASSIVE HOUSE INSTITUTE US (PHIUS)PHIUS Certified Data for Window Performance Program • Established 2012 • Facilitate faster adoption of Passive House approach in North America • Expand database of verified performance data in PHPP-ready format “The initial goal is to calculate and make available valid thermal performance parameters for US windows so that designers have more choices and can do building energy models with more confidence in their accuracy.” - PHIUS Certified Data for Window Performance Program, Oct. 29, 2012 (http://www.passivehouse.us/passiveHouse/CertifiedWindowData.html)

30. PASSIVE HOUSE INSTITUTE US (PHIUS)PHIUS Certified Data for Window Performance Program • PHIUS-trained simulators model and calculate • PHIUS administrators (at first) and simulator peer-review validate results • Certificate issued for each window type, frame and glazing combination • 3 paths for psi-install incl. disclosure/publication of verified THERM models

31. PHIUS CERTIFIED DATA FOR WINDOW PERFORMANCE PROGRAM • Based on LBL WINDOW and THERM software familiar to US manufacturers and modelers • Encouraging exploration of NFRC crossover program opportunities

32. PHIUS CERTIFIED DATA FOR WINDOW PERFORMANCE PROGRAM • Wright 2012 conference paper: to “demyistify” simulation procedure following PHI and LBL docs • PHIUS Program = Critical asset and survival tool for the confused and overwhelmed North American window manufacturer

33. PASSIVE HOUSE INSTITUTE US (PHIUS)PHIUS Certified Data for Window Performance Program • Alpen HP was the first North American window manufacturer to complete the certification program. As recent as Monday this week, Alpen HPP received and posted additional certificates for its 925 and 725 Series windows. • There are now 5 North American window manufacturers who have won certification: • Alpen HPP (CO) • Northwin (Vancouver) • Marvin Window & Doors (MN) • Casagrande Woodworks (CA) • Wooden Window Inc. (CA) • And we hope that the list • keeps growing!

34. OTHER NOTEABLE WINDOW CERTIFICATION PROGRAMS

35. OTHER NOTABLE CERTIFICATIONS • Energy Star and NRCan • Extremely well-recognized throughout the US and Canada, basis for multiple incentives and rebate programs. Although we are “beyond Energy Star” the value of it’s brand recognition alone may merit participation. • LEED • No window-specific certification but windows can contribute in several categories. LEED modeling draws largely from NFRC whole-window performance values. • Living Building Challenge • Fastidious documentation of material composition of every individual element of a window. Notable for its purity in purpose, may be challenging for very high performance windows to achieve. • NFRC’s Component Modeling Approach (CMAST) • Valuable simulation program for rating performances of assemblies created from multiple supplier components • Simulation-only approach is cost-conscious and best suited to respond to increasing use of multi-supplier window assemblies, like commercial windows (frame, glass from others) • Hurricane/Impact Test Certifications • Increasingly important in light of IECC 2012 revised wind maps

36. CONCLUDING THOUGHTS: OPEN DIALOGUE Topics I didn’t cover but would have liked to: • Impact of standard size on overall window performance • NFRC Label shows full-frame performance, SHGC and TVis deceptively low • How would Passive House windows with very-wide frame/sash dimensions perform if constrained to the 24”x59” test size? • SHGC: when the battleground is in the second-decimal place arena, is it a fight worth fighting? • Dirt, grime and pigeon poop diminish SHGC • SHGC can be shifted +/- 0.02 simply by changing glass thickness or choosing a supplier of clear float glass vs. default value, or even changing RADIANCE simulation standard settings (EN 673 / ISO 10097) • Tempering and SHGC: tempering does not require special simulation inputs, does not alter the physical properties of the basic float glass, does it have any measurable impact at all?

37. CONCLUDING THOUGHTS: OPEN DIALOGUE • What have I overlooked? • Can we learn anything from European structural or IG testing? • Is European IG testing & certification similar in style and scope to IGCC/IGMA ASTM E 2190? • How does Passive House engage the structural performance certification component? Are certifications like AAMA Gold important? • What ways might redundancy among certification programs be reduced or streamlined to reduce cost and headache? • What window certifications or performance ratings are most important to the Passive House approach? • Are any of these certifications valuable? How can we present them in the most meaningful way to Passive House designers?