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Intelligence

Intelligence. Definitions: Terman (1921): ability to carry on abstract thought Binet (1905): collection of faculties: judgment, practical sense, initiative, ability to adapt

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Intelligence

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  1. Intelligence • Definitions: • Terman (1921): ability to carry on abstract thought • Binet (1905): collection of faculties: judgment, practical sense, initiative, ability to adapt • Wechsler (1958): aggregate capacity to act purposefully, to think rationally, and to deal effectively with the environment • Known by what it enables us to do • Qualitatively different abilities • Sternberg (1986): mental activity involved in purposive adaptation

  2. Theories of Intelligence 2 major schools of thought: • One general factor, g • Spearman • Different types of intelligence (disagreement about what those are) • Sternberg, Gardner, Thurstone

  3. One general factor theory • Spearman’s g • Used factor analysis • g = general mental ability • Complicated mental activities are highest in g • Specific factors may also be included

  4. One General Intelligence Support for this approach: • Positive manifold – high correlations between different tests of cognitive ability • Neural processing speed i.e. speed of processing

  5. Different factors approach to intelligence • Thurstone: • NOT a unitary trait • Differing types of abilities: • Verbal • Perceptual speed • Inductive reasoning • Numbers • Rote memory • Deductive reasoning • Word fluency • visualization

  6. Alternative theories of multiple intelligences • Gardner’s theory: • 7 different forms of intelligence • Linguistic – use of language • Musical – rhythm, pitch • Spatial – perceiving visual world • Bodily – kinesthetic awareness, movement • Interpersonal – knowledge of others’s moods, motivations, etc. • Intrapersonal – knowledge of self, feelings • Logic-mathematical – logical thinking, numerical ability

  7. Another theory of multiple intelligence • Fluid & Crystallized intelligence (Horn) • Fluid = basic reasoning ability, ability to learn • Nonverbal mental efficiency • Strong physiological base • Crystallized = acquired skills and knowledge • Knowledge of general information • Influenced by education and culture

  8. One more theory of multiple intelligences • Sternberg: 3 dimensions of intelligence • Analytical – internal mental mechanisms • Mental processes • Used to learn new things • Execute behavior • Higher-order processing such as planning, monitoring, and evaluating • Creative (experiential)– intelligence related to novel stimuli • Ability to apply existing knowledge to new problems • Implication: our experiences impact our IQ. Very difficult to compare people across sociocultural groups due to differences in experience. • Practical (contextual) – IQ related to external world • Ability to deal with everyday tasks • i.e. not just academic or book learning

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